Water Movement and Loss Under Frozen Soil Conditions

Ferguson, Hayden; Brown, Paul L.; Dickey, David D.

doi:10.2136/sssaj1964.03615995002800050034x

Cited by 42 publications

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“…2 and other reports of similar research (Sartz, 1969;Fergusen et al, 1964;and Benz et al, 1968). For example, the rate of upward water flux increases as the amount of soluble salt in the soil increases because the thicker unfrozen water films provide a greater hydraulic conductivity, The decreasing rate of upward movement with time (Fig, 2-A and 2-D) results from a decreasing water matric potential gradient (Fig.…”

Section: -Ras Kw-70d87ksupporting

confidence: 53%

“…In the fall, the soil is uniformly wet as shown by the dashed line. After freezing, the water would migrate toward the surface, and the curved line would approximate the water distribution just before thawing in the spring (Fergusen et al, 1964). Further suppose that the [Na]/(Ca -1--Mg] ratio in the fall, was such that the soil was just on the borderline of becoming a problem.…”

Section: Practical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, water will continue to crystallize from the soil solution until the combined osmotic and matric forces reduce the solution's vapor pressure to that of the ice (Hoeckstra, 1966;Low et al, 1968). Under natural conditions in the field, temperature gradients always exist, and liquid water tends to move from warmer to cooler areas (Fergusen et al, 1964). A spontaneous vapor pressure gradient in this same direction is fixed by the temperature of the ice phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salt and Water Movement in Unsaturated Frozen Soil

Cary¹,

Mayland²

1972

Soil Science Soc of Amer J

106

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Salt and water movement was measured in unsaturated frozen soil columns incubated under a thermal gradient for 3, 6, or 9 weeks. Both water and salt moved from the warmer to cooler areas in the soil, creating a twofold concentration difference over a 24-cm distance. Movement of CaC12, LiI, and K2SO4 was studied in detail Cation exchange reactions and salt solubilities at high concentrations affected the movement. Although the results suggested that mass flow of dissolved salts in a liquid film of water was the principal transfer mechanism, both vapor and salt diffusion were sometimes significant. Thermal diffusion and salt sieving did not appear to be important.Since the vapor pressure of ice controls the water potential in frozen soil, the amount of unfrozen water and matric suction could be calculated from a water release curve and data from ice suspensions in salt solutions. These results led to the conclusion that mass flow in the liquid phase is described by Darcy's law. Thus, salt flow as well as net water transfer can probably be predicted in unsaturated frozen soil using information available from unfrozen systems.Additional Index Words: salinity, salt diffusion, thermal diffusion, salt separation, frost heaving. M OIST UNSATURATED SOIL freezes downward from the surface in the fall and is subject to varied thermal gradients throughout the winter (Benz et al., 1968). As the soil water freezes, small ice crystals form in the pore spaces. Not all of the water freezes under temperatures commonly experienced in the field. A liquid-like film 10 to 40A thick remains at the ice-air interface. Liquid films of varying thicknesses also remain in the soil particleice interfaces and in the soil particle-air interfaces (Anderson, 1970).Since ice crystals freeze out of a solution in a pure state, all soluble salts are forced into the unfrozen water films and may form relatively concentrated brines. The vapor pressure of ice is less than that of pure liquid water. Consequently, water will continue to crystallize from the soil solution until the combined osmotic and matric forces reduce the solution's vapor pressure to that of the ice (Hoeckstra, 1966;Low et al., 1968). Under natural conditions in the field, temperature gradients always exist, and liquid water tends to move from warmer to cooler areas (Fergusen et al., 1964). A spontaneous vapor pressure gradient in this same direction is fixed by the temperature of the ice phase. While some movement is in the vapor phase, most of the flow is in the unfrozen liquid films (Hoeckstra, 1966;Benz et al., 1968 apparent that salt will also move from warmer to cooler areas in the unsaturated frozen soil.Most of the liquid phase movement occurs along the water films adsorbed to the soil particles. While there are liquid films in the ice crystal air interfaces, they comprise a small fraction of the total unfrozen water in unsaturated soil because of the relatively small surface area of the ice crystals compared to that of the soil particles (Anderson, 1970). As the water ...

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Section: -Ras Kw-70d87ksupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Practical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salt and Water Movement in Unsaturated Frozen Soil

Cary¹,

Mayland²

1972

Soil Science Soc of Amer J

106

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“…During the soil thaw, surface soil is often underlain with frozen subsoil which impedes drainage and creates water saturated conditions (Ferguson et al 1964;Startz 1969;Malhi 1978). Water saturation creates an anaerobic environment favoring reduction of NO 3 -by denitrifiers.…”

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confidence: 99%

Denitrification and nitrous oxide emissions from a Black Chernozemic soil during spring thaw in Alberta

Nyborg¹,

Laidlaw²,

Solberg³

et al. 1997

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

101

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Previous field research in Alberta has suggested that denitrification occurs mostly when soil thaws in the spring, with associated soil water saturation. Our objective was to determine if denitrification and N2O emission in fact take place in cold, thawing soil in the field. Denitrification and N2O flux were measured in two springs and the intervening summer. Cylinders were placed in soil in November, 1988, and 57 kg N ha−1 of 15Nlabeled KNO3 was added. Soil 15N mass balance technique showed 23 kg N ha−1 of added-N was lost by 15 May 1989. Gas trappings were made (28 March to 29 April) and nearly all of the N2O emission (3.5 kg N2O-N ha−1) occurred during an 11-d period of thaw. The accumulated N2O flux from 20 June to 31 August was small (0.5 kg N2O-N ha−1, or less); during that time there were no rainfall events intense enough to produce water saturated soil. In 1990, 15N-labeled KNO3 (100 kg N ha−1) was applied on 26 March (outset of the thaw) and mass balance showed 32.7 kg N ha−1of added-N was lost by 7 May. A flux of 16.3 kg N2O-N ha−1 occurred largely in a 10-d period during and immediately after soil thaw. The N2O emitted from soil left a considerable fraction of the lost N unaccounted for. This unaccounted N was most likely lost as gaseous N other than N2O (e.g., N2). We conclude that large amounts of soil nitrate may be denitrified, with smaller amounts emitted as N2O, as the soil thaws and soon thereafter. Key words: Denitrification, frozen soil, thawing soil, nitrogen, nitrous oxide

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“…These results indicated that N loss through leaching was minimal. According to several researchers (Ferguson et al 1964;Sartz 1969;Malhi 1978), the surface soil becomes saturated during the soil thaw in early spring because of impeded drainage caused by underlying frozen subsoil. Despite low soil temperatures, this saturated surface soil apparently creates anaerobic conditions which enhance denitrification activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of ¹⁵N-labelled fertilizers applied to barley on two artificially eroded soils in north-central Alberta

Pradhan¹,

Izaurralde²,

Malhi³

et al. 1998

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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. Recovery of 15 N-labelled fertilizers applied to barley on two artificially eroded soils in north-central Alberta. Can. J. Soil Sci. 78: 377-383. Soil erosion induces variability in soil properties which may influence nutrient use efficiency. A 2-yr field study was conducted with the following objectives: (1) to determine the recovery of 15 N-labelled fertilizers applied to barley growing on artificially eroded soil, and (2) to compare N losses from nitrate-and ammonia-based N fertilizers. Field experiments were conducted in north-central Alberta in 1991 and 1992 on an Orthic Gray Luvisol (Site 1) and on an Eluviated Black Chernozem (Site 2) soil. At each site, a factorial experiment of three levels of artificial erosion (0, 10 and 20 cm) and three N sources (KNO 3 , urea, and control) was laid out as a split-plot design with four replications. The 15 N-labelled fertilizers (5.63 atom % abundance) were banded in June 1991 at 150 kg N ha -1 within 46-cm by 46-cm steel frame microplots. The proportion of added N recovered by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was not affected by erosion level. Periodical water saturation and NO 3 -availability suggested denitrification as a major mechanism of N loss. The N losses ranged from 12 to 51 kg N ha -1 in 1991 and 20 to 80 kg N ha -1 over the 2-yr period, but the N losses did not relate to erosion level. The N losses after 2 yr were greater from KNO 3 than from urea at Site 1. Most of the added 15 N was found in the surface 0-to 15-cm layer, but amounts of 15 N were detected in the 15-to 30-cm or 30-to 45-cm layers. The results call for continued development of N management techniques geared to optimize crop growth and minimize losses from fields. L'état physique du sol après une période de saturation en eau et la répartition du N de fumure dans le profil permettent de voir la dénitrification comme le principal mécanisme responsable des pertes de N. Ces dernières allaient de 12 à 51 kg ha -1 en 1991 et de 20 à 80 pour l'ensemble des 2 années, mais elles ne démontraient aucun lien particulier avec le niveau d'érosion. À l'emplacement 1, les pertes de N au terme des deux années étaient plus fortes dans la fumure au KNO 3 que dans celle à l'urée. La plus grande partie du N de fumure marqué était concentrée dans les 15 premiers centimètres du sol, mais on en trouvait un peu aussi dans les tranches de 15-30 ou de 30-45 cm. Ces observations montrent la nécessité de poursuivre la recherche de techniques de conduite de la fumure N axées à la fois sur l'optimisation de la croissance des cultures et sur la minimisation des pertes de N au champ.

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Water Movement and Loss Under Frozen Soil Conditions

Cited by 42 publications

References 0 publications

Salt and Water Movement in Unsaturated Frozen Soil

Salt and Water Movement in Unsaturated Frozen Soil

Denitrification and nitrous oxide emissions from a Black Chernozemic soil during spring thaw in Alberta

Recovery of ¹⁵N-labelled fertilizers applied to barley on two artificially eroded soils in north-central Alberta

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Water Movement and Loss Under Frozen Soil Conditions

Cited by 42 publications

References 0 publications

Salt and Water Movement in Unsaturated Frozen Soil

Salt and Water Movement in Unsaturated Frozen Soil

Denitrification and nitrous oxide emissions from a Black Chernozemic soil during spring thaw in Alberta

Recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizers applied to barley on two artificially eroded soils in north-central Alberta

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Recovery of ¹⁵N-labelled fertilizers applied to barley on two artificially eroded soils in north-central Alberta