Water metabolism in humans during acute high-altitude exposure (4,300 m)

Krzywicki, Harry J.; Consolazio, C. Frank; Johnson, Herman L.; Nielsen, W. C.; Barnhart, Robert A.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1971.30.6.806

Cited by 50 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…Our own earlier study was performed at a comparable moderate altitude (2300 m) to the present study, but the subjects at that time were healthy, some of them well-trained soldiers, with a lower mean age and the study lasted in total only about 6 days, including the pre-and post-data collection (Gunga et al 1995). In contrast, most of the other water balance studies at altitude reported a decrease (Krzywicki et al 1971;Kayser 1992;Kayser et al 1993). Similar to these investigations, we observed in the course of the present AMAS 2000 study that the subjects with metabolic syndrome decreased their total body water for the first day at moderate altitude as well.…”

Section: Total Body Water and Moderate Altitude Exposurementioning

confidence: 54%

Austrian Moderate Altitude Study (AMAS 2000) – fluid shifts, erythropoiesis, and angiogenesis in patients with metabolic syndrome at moderate altitude (≅1700 m)

Gunga

Fries²,

Humpeler

et al. 2003

Eur J Appl Physiol

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It was hypothesized that subjects with metabolic syndrome (hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus): (1) develop measurable peripheral edema at moderate altitude and (2) might show differences on erythropoiesis, iron status and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in comparison to healthy subjects during and after a long-term stay (3-week exposure) at moderate altitude (congruent with 1700 m). Twenty-two male subjects with metabolic syndrome were selected. Baseline investigations (t1) were performed in Innsbruck (500 m). All participants were transferred by bus to 1700 m (Alps) and remained there for 3 weeks with examinations on day 1 (after the first night at altitude, t2), day 4 (t3), day 9 (t4) and day 19 (t5). After returning to Innsbruck, post-altitude examinations were conducted after 7-10 days (t6) and 6-7 weeks (t7), respectively. Body mass was decreased from t1 to t7 (P<0.01). Total body water was decreased at t2 (P<0.01), returned to control level (t3, t4), and was found elevated at t7 (P<0.01). Lean body mass did not change, but body fat decreased during the study (P<0.01). Tissue thickness at the forehead decreased during and after altitude exposure (P<0.01), whereas tissue thickness at the tibia did not alter. Erythropoietin (EPO) was elevated as early as t2 and remained increased until t5. Reticulocyte count was increased at t3 and remained above pre-altitude values. VEGF levels were unchanged. After a 3-week exposure to moderate altitude, patients with metabolic syndrome had reduced their body mass, mainly because of a reduction in body fat. The moderate altitude was found to stimulate erythropoiesis in these patients but this was not sufficient to increase serum VEGF concentration.

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Section: Total Body Water and Moderate Altitude Exposurementioning

confidence: 54%

Austrian Moderate Altitude Study (AMAS 2000) – fluid shifts, erythropoiesis, and angiogenesis in patients with metabolic syndrome at moderate altitude (≅1700 m)

Gunga

Fries²,

Humpeler

et al. 2003

Eur J Appl Physiol

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“…The loss of fat and protein has led to the conclusion that the decrease of the circulating blood volume, particularly of the plasma volume, was mainly caused by a redistribution of body fluid (Hannon et al 1969). Other investigators have reported a reduction in total body water, intracellular water, plasma volume and interstitial fluid as results of the reduction in fluid intake and an enhanced diuresis during prolonged exposure to acute hypobaric hypoxia (Krzywicki et al 1971).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Volume changes in the forearm and lower limbs during 2 h of acute hypobaric hypoxia in nonacclimatized subjects

Schirlo

A²,

Reize

et al. 1997

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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To investigate the role of fluid shifts during the short-term adjustment to acute hypobaric hypoxia (AHH), the changes in lower limb (LV) and forearm volumes (FV) were measured using a strain-gauge plethysmograph technique in ten healthy volunteers exposed to different altitudes (450 m, 2500 m, 3500 m, 4500 m) in a hypobaric chamber. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), endtidal gases, minute ventilation and urine flow were also determined. A control experiment was performed with an analogous protocol under normobaric normoxic conditions. The results showed mean decreases both in LV and FV of 0.52 (SD 0.39) ml x 100 ml(-1) and -0.65 (SD 0.32) ml x 100 ml(-1), respectively, in the hypoxia experiments [controls: LV 0.28 (SD 0.37), FV 0.41 (SD 0.47) ml x 100 ml(-1)]. Descent to normoxia resulted in further small but not significant decreases in mean LV [-0.02 (SD 0.11) ml x 100 ml(-1)], whereas mean FV tended to increase slightly [ + 0.02 (SD 0.14) ml x 100 ml(-1)]; in the control experiments mean LV and FV decreased continuously during the corresponding times [-0.19 (SD 0.31), -0.18 (SD 0.10) ml x 100 ml(-1) , respectively]. During the whole AHH, mean urine flow increased significantly from 0.84 (SD 0.41) ml x min(-1) to 3.29 (SD 1.43) ml x min(-1) in contrast to the control conditions. We concluded that peripheral fluid volume shifts form a part of the hypoxia-induced acute cardiovascular changes at high altitude. In contrast to the often reported formation of peripheral oedema after prolonged exposure to hypobaric hypoxia, the results provided no evidence for the development of peripheral oedema during acute induction to high altitude. However, the marked increase in interindividual variance in SaO2 and urine flow points to the appearance of the first differences in the short-term adjustment even after 2 h of acute hypobaric hypoxia.

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“…Fur thermore, the death rates were significantly more in the MDG group in rats and in the SDG group in guinea pigs. Krzywicki et al [1971] found that during 6 days exposure to an altitude of 4,300 m, there was reduction in total body water, de crease in intracellular water and slight in crease in extracellular water. They have found that administration of furosemide will impose an extra water loss, and hence its administration as prophylactic is not war ranted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of Furosemide on Altitude Tolerance in Experimental Animals

Kwatra¹,

Viswanathan²

1979

Respiration

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Furosemide which is claimed to prevent acute mountain sickness and pulmonary oedema of high altitude was tried in experimental animals to evaluate its usefulness or otherwise as a measure of prophylaxis. 90 mice, 128 rats and 44 guinea pigs – all males – were used for the studies. Half the number in each species were kept as controls. The remaining half were further divided into two batches. The first batch was given furosemide 10 mg/kg body weight. Two h later they were exposed to simulated altitude of 30,000 ft for 6 h. The second batch was given two injections of furosemide at intervals of 24 h before exposure to simulated altitude. The controls were given distilled water. Our results show that the death rate was more in the furosemide-treated groups, both under mild as well as severe dehydration in all the species. The present study does not substantiate the claim that the drug can be used as prophylactic against acute mountain sickness and pulmonary oedema of high altitude.

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Water metabolism in humans during acute high-altitude exposure (4,300 m)

Cited by 50 publications

References 0 publications

Austrian Moderate Altitude Study (AMAS 2000) – fluid shifts, erythropoiesis, and angiogenesis in patients with metabolic syndrome at moderate altitude (≅1700 m)

Austrian Moderate Altitude Study (AMAS 2000) – fluid shifts, erythropoiesis, and angiogenesis in patients with metabolic syndrome at moderate altitude (≅1700 m)

Volume changes in the forearm and lower limbs during 2 h of acute hypobaric hypoxia in nonacclimatized subjects

Effect of Furosemide on Altitude Tolerance in Experimental Animals

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