“…The mean annual precipitation in the region ranges from less than 100 mm in interior desert areas to approximately 500 mm in mountainous areas [ [39] , [40] , [41] ]. The combination of high temperatures and dry spells in the region has led to significant water scarcity issues exacerbated by the increasing demand for water due to agricultural expansion [ 2 , 42 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Water scarcity poses a significant challenge to achieving food security, especially in regions with limited access to freshwater resources [ [1] , [2] , [3] ]. Accurately determining crop evapotranspiration (ET c ) is essential because agriculture is the largest consumer of water resources [ 4 ].…”
“…The mean annual precipitation in the region ranges from less than 100 mm in interior desert areas to approximately 500 mm in mountainous areas [ [39] , [40] , [41] ]. The combination of high temperatures and dry spells in the region has led to significant water scarcity issues exacerbated by the increasing demand for water due to agricultural expansion [ 2 , 42 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Water scarcity poses a significant challenge to achieving food security, especially in regions with limited access to freshwater resources [ [1] , [2] , [3] ]. Accurately determining crop evapotranspiration (ET c ) is essential because agriculture is the largest consumer of water resources [ 4 ].…”
“…Hence, any action to reduce water consumption in the agricultural sector while maintaining a balance between food production and sustainable water use is highly desirable. The starting point for improving agricultural water management and dealing with water security should be the estimation of the water needs of crops grown [13][14][15].…”
Water is a valuable yet scarce resource in agriculture. Optimizing crop production relies on irrigation, but within the framework of sustainable agriculture, efforts should prioritize reducing irrigation water usage. Unfortunately, climate change increases plant water requirements, consequently heightening the need for irrigation. The aim of the research was to estimate the water needs of asparagus during the fern growth period (21 June–31 August) using the Blaney–Criddle method. The study also aimed to determine trends in changing water needs and estimate precipitation deficits. Calculations were carried out for the years 1981–2020 across four provinces in central Poland. The research indicated that water needs varied between 233 mm and 242 mm, depending on the province. Over the forty-year period, all provinces displayed an increasing trend in water needs, with a rise of 3.1 mm to 6.2 mm per decade. Between 21 June and 31 August, rainfall deficits occurred with varying intensity in all provinces during normal, medium dry and very dry years. The values of water needs and rainfall deficit, calculated as a result of the research, are of key importance in the design, construction, and management of drip irrigation systems for asparagus plantations in central Poland.
“…Water is an essential part of agriculture, and the rising demand for food, driven by population growth, increases the need for water for farming activities. However, the depletion and contamination of water sources threaten agriculture's sustainability [16]. Treating polluted water for agricultural use is a significant strategy to efficiently utilize water resources and mitigate the environmental impacts of agriculture.…”
In recent years, treating and reusing polluted water for agricultural irrigation has become essential to ensuring water and food sustainability. In addition to the factors affecting human health in vegetables and fruits irrigated with treated wastewater, factors affecting consumer preferences, such as flavor and phenolic compounds, should also be examined. This study investigates the effect of treated wastewater irrigation on the aromatic compounds and phenolic composition of capia pepper, which holds a significant position and is extensively used in various food products in the food industry. Drip irrigation with treated and untreated wastewater from the Kalecik Wastewater Treatment Plant was applied to two pepper varieties in the Kalecik district of Ankara, Türkiye. This research found that wastewater irrigation impacted certain aroma components, including para-dichlorobenzene, alpha-cubebene, hexanoate, alpha-farnesene, limonene, isoamyl butyrate, squalene, and alpha-copaene, which contribute to the distinct aroma and fragrance of capia peppers. Total phenolic content, pH, and soluble solids were found to be high in peppers irrigated with wastewater, and it was observed that these parameters increased as the treatment levels of the wastewater decreased. The highest results were obtained in capia peppers irrigated with wastewater. Results indicate that heavy metal levels in peppers align with permissible limits, confirming the usability of both water sources. In the face of global water scarcity and the challenge of feeding an ever-growing population, studies like this offer valuable insights into sustainable and well-informed agricultural practices.
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