Water loss through the lip, nail, eyelid skin, scalp skin and axillary skin measured with a closed-chamber evaporation principle

Nuutinen, Juhani; Harvima, Ilkka T.; Mr, Lahtinen; Lahtinen, Tapani

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05257.x

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…In a previous study, nail water uptake and evaporation were observed to be fast: the nails approached 90% of complete hydration in half an hour after the nails were soaked in water 25. The effective diffusion coefficient of water in the nails could be up to 3 × 10 −7 cm 2 /s at 100% relative humidity28 and transonychial water loss was reported to be from 19 to 75 g/m 2 /h in healthy subjects 29–31. The present experimental setup mimicked the condition when the nails were occluded in practice—the ventral side of the nail was in contact with an aqueous environment while the dorsal side of the nail was in contact with the ethanol/water drug system.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 70%

Iontophoretically Enhanced Ciclopirox Delivery into and Across Human Nail Plate

Hao

Smith

2009

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Transungual delivery of antifungal drugs is hindered by the low permeability of human nail plates, and as such, repeated dosing over a long period of time is necessary for effective treatment. The objectives of this study were to explore the possibilities of (a) enhancing the delivery of ciclopirox (CIC) across human nail plates and (b) sustaining CIC delivery from the larger resultant drug depot in the nail plates with constant voltage iontophoresis. In vitro passive and 9 V cathodal iontophoretic transport experiments of CIC across human nails were performed. Transungual CIC delivery with Penlac® was the control. The amounts of CIC released from and deposited in the nails were determined in drug release and extraction experiments, respectively. Iontophoresis increased the flux of CIC permeated across the nail approximately 10 times compared to passive delivery from the same formulation or from Penlac®. A significant amount of CIC was loaded into and released from the nails; the CIC concentrations were estimated to be above the minimum inhibitory concentrations of CIC for dermatophytic molds. The apparent transport lag time decreased in iontophoretic transport. The results demonstrate that iontophoresis was able to deliver an effective amount of CIC into and across the nails, and this suggests the feasibility of a constant voltage battery-powered transungual iontophoretic device.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 70%

Iontophoretically Enhanced Ciclopirox Delivery into and Across Human Nail Plate

Hao

Smith

2009

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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“…There was no significant difference between TEWL values of the two open chamber devices. For the scalp, as open chamber devices could not measure TEWL of a hairy region without shaving that part, it was not possible to compare both instruments for the scalp region (6).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative evaporimetry in man

Shah

Zhai

Maibach

2005

Skin Research and Technology

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“…The closed‐chamber technique solves the drawbacks of open‐chamber instruments, including increases in relative humidity correlated with TEWL, because the instrument compares the ambient humidity with the humidity within the chamber after a short filling time of 10 seconds; the measurements can be performed at any measurement site and measurement angle; and the disturbance in measurement related to external or body‐induced air flows can be avoided . When compared with open‐chamber techniques, the measurement times are standardized and shorter (10 sec) , although at higher evaporation rates, the fixed measurement period might not represent steady‐state values since the instrument does not monitor changes in values over a period of time .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%