Water Level Observations for Storm Surge

Luther, Mark E.; Merz, Clifford R.; Scudder, J.; Baig, S. R.; Pralgo, Jennifer Lt; Thompson, Douglas; Gill, Stephen K.; Hovis, Gerald

doi:10.4031/002533207787442277

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Poststorm collected HWMs were also used to validate the simulated peak storm tide. The full set of HWMs were first examined for accuracy to identify measurements that included effects from wave setup and runup, and other anomalies such as river runoff [ Luther et al ., ]. HWMs that contained errors, wave or river effects, or other anomalies were discarded.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data and numerical analysis of astronomic tides, wind‐waves, and hurricane storm surge along the northern Gulf of Mexico

et al. 2016

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The northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOM) is a unique geophysical setting for complex tropical storm‐induced hydrodynamic processes that occur across a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Each hurricane includes its own distinctive characteristics and can cause unique and devastating storm surge when it strikes within the intricate geometric setting of the NGOM. While a number of studies have explored hurricane storm surge in the NGOM, few have attempted to describe storm surge and coastal inundation using observed data in conjunction with a single large‐domain high‐resolution numerical model. To better understand the oceanic and nearshore response to these tropical cyclones, we provide a detailed assessment, based on field measurements and numerical simulation, of the evolution of wind waves, water levels, and currents for Hurricanes Ivan (2004), Dennis (2005), Katrina (2005), and Isaac (2012), with focus on Mississippi, Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle coasts. The developed NGOM3 computational model describes the hydraulic connectivity among the various inlet and bay systems, Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, coastal rivers and adjacent marsh, and built infrastructure along the coastal floodplain. The outcome is a better understanding of the storm surge generating mechanisms and interactions among hurricane characteristics and the NGOM's geophysical configuration. The numerical analysis and observed data explain the ∼2 m/s hurricane‐induced geostrophic currents across the continental shelf, a 6 m/s outflow current during Ivan, the hurricane‐induced coastal Kelvin wave along the shelf, and for the first time a wealth of measured data and a detailed numerical simulation was performed and was presented for Isaac.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data and numerical analysis of astronomic tides, wind‐waves, and hurricane storm surge along the northern Gulf of Mexico

et al. 2016

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“…The SLOSH display program was then used to retrieve the initial water level (i.e., astronomical tide) for each hurricane at the nearby tide gauge station referring to the hurricane path observed 18 hours before nearest approach (or landfall) in most storm situations. It is noteworthy to mention that the SLOSH model adopts National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29) as its vertical datum, meaning it is imperative to transform tidewater level to NGVD for consistent and reliable modeling results [29,46,47]. The description of the main attributes and software information employed in this study is summarized in Table 1.…”

Section: Modeling Large-scale and Long-term Historical Hurricanesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Analysis of Hurricane Damage across the U.S. Gulf and Atlantic Coasts Using Geospatial Big Data

Park

2021

IJGI

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(1) Background: Hurricane events are expected to increase as a consequence of climate change, increasing their intensity and severity. Destructive hurricane activities pose the greatest threat to coastal communities along the U.S. Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Coasts in the conterminous United States. This study investigated the historical extent of hurricane-related damage, identifying the most at-risk areas of hurricanes using geospatial big data. As a supplement to analysis, this study further examined the overall population trend within the hurricane at-risk zones. (2) Methods: The Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model and the HURRECON model were used to estimate the geographical extent of the storm surge inundation and wind damage of historical hurricanes from 1950 to 2018. The modeled results from every hurricane were then aggregated to a single unified spatial surface to examine the generalized hurricane patterns across the affected coastal counties. Based on this singular spatial boundary coupled with demographic datasets, zonal analysis was applied to explore the historical population at risk. (3) Results: A total of 777 counties were found to comprise the “hurricane-prone coastal counties” that have experienced at least one instance of hurricane damage over the study period. The overall demographic trends within the hurricane-prone coastal counties revealed that the coastal populations are growing at a faster pace than the national average, and this growth puts more people at greater risk of hurricane hazards. (4) Conclusions: This study is the first comprehensive investigation of hurricane vulnerability encompassing the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts stretching from Texas to Maine over a long span of time. The findings from this study can serve as a basis for understanding the exposure of at-risk populations to hurricane-related damage within the coastal counties at a national scale.

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“…For the purposes here, the NAVD88-referenced HWMs are adjusted to MSL. Finally, the accuracy and quality of these measurements is an issue, as discussed by Luther et al (2007). Nevertheless, HWM observations are the only data available to determine sea-level rise during the storm in areas away from the few sea-level recording stations.…”

Section: High-water Marksmentioning

confidence: 97%

Simulation of the Hurricane Dennis storm surge and considerations for vertical resolution

Dukhovskoy

Morey

2010

Nat Hazards

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A high-resolution storm surge model of Apalachee Bay in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico is developed using an unstructured grid finite-volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM). The model is applied to the case of Hurricane Dennis (July 2005). This storm caused underpredicted severe flooding of the Apalachee Bay coastal area and upriver inland communities. Accurate resolution of complicated geometry of the coastal region and waterways in the model reveals processes responsible for the unanticipated high storm tide in the area. Model results are validated with available observations of the storm tide. Model experiments suggest that during Dennis, excessive flooding in the coastal zone and the town of St. Marks, located up the St. Marks River, was caused by additive effects of coincident high tides (*10-15% of the total sea-level rise) and a propagating shelf wave (*30%) that added to the locally wind-generated surge. Wave setup, the biggest uncertainty, is estimated on the basis of empirical and analytical relations. The Dennis case is then used to test the sensitivity of the model solution to vertical discretization. A suite of model experiments is performed with varying numbers of vertical sigma (r) levels, with different distribution of r-levels within the water column and a varying bottom drag coefficient. The major finding is that the storm surge solution is more sensitive to resolution within the velocity shear zone at mid-depths compared to resolution of the upper and bottom layer or values of the bottom drag coefficient.

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Water Level Observations for Storm Surge

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

Data and numerical analysis of astronomic tides, wind‐waves, and hurricane storm surge along the northern Gulf of Mexico

Data and numerical analysis of astronomic tides, wind‐waves, and hurricane storm surge along the northern Gulf of Mexico

A Comprehensive Analysis of Hurricane Damage across the U.S. Gulf and Atlantic Coasts Using Geospatial Big Data

Simulation of the Hurricane Dennis storm surge and considerations for vertical resolution

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