Water Injection for Gasoline Engines - Quo Vadis?

Hermann, I.; Glahn, Claus; Kluin, Matthias; Paroll, Martin; Gumprich, Werner

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69760-4_18

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…A number of papers were presented on the subject at the Fifth International Conference on Knocking Combustion in Berlin in 2017. Hermann et al [310] of Opel gave an overview of the possibilities, which include plenum water injection, Port Water Injection (PWI), mixed Gasoline/Water Direct Injection (GWDI), and Direct Water Injection (DWI). The primary motivation is to increase stoichiometric power on downsized engines.…”

Section: The 2010s: Aggressive Co 2 Targets Electrification and Downs...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Knock: A Century of Research

Corrigan¹,

Fontanesi²

2021

SAE Int. J. Engines

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Knock is one of the main limitations on increasing spark-ignition (SI) engine efficiency. This has been known for at least 100 years, and it is still the case today. Knock occurs when conditions ahead of the flame front in an SI engine result in one or more autoignition events in the end gas. The autoignition reaction rate is typically much higher than that of the flame-front propagation. This may lead to the creation of pressure waves in the combustion chamber and, hence, an undesirable noise that gives knock its name. The resulting increased mechanical and thermal loading on engine components may eventually lead to engine failure. Reducing the compression ratio lowers end-gas temperatures and pressures, reducing end-gas reactivity and, hence, mitigating knock. However, this has a detrimental effect on engine efficiency.Automotive companies must significantly reduce their fleet carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) values in the coming years to meet targets resulting from the 2015 Paris Agreement. One path towards meeting these is through partial or full electrification of the powertrain. However, the vast majority of automobiles in the near future will still feature a gasoline-fueled SI engine; hence, improvements in combustion engine efficiency remain fundamental.As knock has been a key limitation for so long, there is a huge amount of literature on the subject. A number of reviews on knock have already been published, including in recent years. These generally concentrate on current understanding and status. The present work, in contrast, aims to track the progress of research on knock from the 1920s right through to the present day. It is hoped that this can be a useful reference for new and existing researchers of the subject and give further weight to occasionally neglected historical activity, which can still provide important insights today.

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Section: The 2010s: Aggressive Co 2 Targets Electrification and Downs...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Knock: A Century of Research

Corrigan¹,

Fontanesi²

2021

SAE Int. J. Engines

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“…This will allow stoichiometric operation throughout the entire engine map. Current engine developments seem to concentrate on the effect of “Performance Improvement”, but it can be expected that the development of engines for the mid 2020’s will shift focus to improving fuel consumption [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. What both strategies have in common is the use of vaporization enthalpy of a liquid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research and Development of Self-Contained Water Injection Systems

Bazala

Hébert²,

Fischer³

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Reducing fuel consumption and thus CO2 emissions is one of the most urgent tasks of current research in the field of internal combustion engines. Water Injection has proven its benefits to increase power or optimize fuel consumption of passenger cars. This technology enables knock mitigation to either increase the engine power output or raise the compression ratio and efficiency while enabling λ = 1 operation in the complete engine map to meet future emission targets. Current systems have limited container capacity. It is necessary to refill the water tank regularly. This also means that we cannot get the benefits of an engine with a higher compression ratio. For this reason, the self-contained system was investigated. This article is a methodology for finding the right design of a self-contained water injection system, but also a vehicle test that proves the function.

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“…The effects of water injection on particulate emissions depend on engine operating parameters such as the AFR. Hermann et al 20 reported that increasing the water/fuel (W/F) ratio in the combustion chamber can reduce PM emissions. However, increasing the W/F ratio in stoichiometric regions can also increase PM emissions by reducing the in-cylinder temperature and because of the heterogeneous distribution of water droplets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of relative humidity on water injection technique in downsized spark ignition engines

Khatri

Sharma

Dahlander

et al. 2020

International Journal of Engine Research

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Combustion knock is a major barrier to achieving high thermal efficiency in spark ignition engines. Water injection was recently identified as a potential way of overcoming this barrier. To evaluate its general applicability, experiments were performed on a downsized three-cylinder spark ignition engine, varying the humidity of the intake air, the water injection timing, and the engine speed. The minimum quantity of injected water required to maintain a given load (and thus level of engine performance) was determined under each set of tested conditions. The knock-suppressing effects of water injection were found to be related to changes in the fuel–air mixture’s specific heat ratio (kappa) rather than evaporative cooling, and to therefore depend on the total quantity of water in the cylinder rather than the relative humidity per se. The total quantity of water in the cylinder was also shown to be a key determinant of advancement in combustion phasing and particulate emissions under various conditions.

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Water Injection for Gasoline Engines - Quo Vadis?

Cited by 18 publications

References 1 publication

Knock: A Century of Research

Knock: A Century of Research

Research and Development of Self-Contained Water Injection Systems

Effect of relative humidity on water injection technique in downsized spark ignition engines

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