William for their suggestions and comments which enriched my research work. My special appreciation goes to my research committee members particularly Professor Ling Li and Dr Dorival for their relentless discussions, valuable suggestions and constructive criticisms. I am also glad to the University of Queensland for its support by providing scholarship of both tuition fee and living expenses for the candidate for this research work. I wish to express my gratitude to all the staff member of Civil engineering Lab specially the geotechnical engineering Lab for their technical assistance and support during my study. Moreover, thanks to GEC mates namely Guanxi Yan, Golam Maziar, Sumaiya, Farzin Hamidi, Partha Narayan Mishra, all other members in assisting me during research and stay in Australia. I also would like to thanks to all of my friends from Bangladesh and other countries to give me company during my research work at the University of Queensland. Finally my heartfelt gratitude is extended to my beloved wife Salma Khan Sathe, my son Nafasat Bhuyan Shayaan, my mother, family members and relatives for their support, patience and enthusiasm during the course of study. xv Financial support This research was supported by University of Queensland International Scholarship providing Tuition fees and living expenses for the PhD candidate. Moreover, this research was partially funded by a Queensland Science Fellowship awarded to Dr