Water-generated negative air ions activate NK cell and inhibit carcinogenesis in mice

Yamada, Roppei; Yanoma, Syunsuke; Amaki, Makoto; Tsuburaya, Akira; Sugimasa, Yukio; Takemiya, Shoji; Motohashi, Hisahiko; Rino, Yasushi; Takanashi, Yoshinori; Imada, Toshio

doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2005.08.002

Cited by 35 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The physical characterization of waterfall-generated ions was part of a randomized controlled clinical study, which focused on the influence of these waterfall generated ions and aerosols on human lung function. Physiological and medical effects of ions and waterfalls has been described (Iwama, 2004;Yamada et al, 2005;Takahashi et al, 2008), but interpretation of specific health-related effects still require a thorough physical characterization. In the present study we analyzed five waterfalls with respect to their distribution of ions.…”

Section: Air Ions In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of ions at Alpine waterfalls

et al. 2012

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Abstract. During a three-year field campaign of measuring waterfall generated ions, we monitored five different waterfalls in the Austrian Alps. Most measurements were performed at the Krimml waterfall (Salzburg, Austria), which is the biggest waterfall in Europe, and the Gartl waterfall (Mölltal, Austria). We characterized spatial, time and size distributions of waterfall-generated ions under the influence of surrounding topography. The smallest ions with boundary diameters of 0.9, 1.5 and 2 nm, were measured with a cylindrical air ion detector (CDI-06), while ion sizes from 5.5 to 350 nm were measured using a modified Grimm SMPS aerosol spectrometer. High negative ion concentration gradients are detected in the vicinity of the waterfalls, whereas the increase of positive ions was only moderate. Ions in the nano range were the most abundant at 2 nm, and at 120 nm in the sub-micrometer range.

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Section: Air Ions In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of ions at Alpine waterfalls

et al. 2012

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“…For example, systems for generation of NAI can be broadly divided into water-generated NAI systems based on the Lenard effect and electrically-generated NAI systems using corona discharge, and it has been suggested that water-generated NAI have a longer lifetime after generation and more beneficial effects on autonomic regulation, immunologic activation, and aerobic metabolism (Ryushi et al 1998;Iwama 2004;Yamada et al 2006). In addition, it has been reported that exposure to large quantities of NAI (>300,000 NAI cm −3 ) injures tissue possibly as a result of generation of superoxide (Yates et al 1986;Goldstein and Arshavskaya 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of negative air ions on activity of neural substrates involved in autonomic regulation in rats

et al. 2008

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The neural mechanism by which negative air ions (NAI) mediate the regulation of autonomic nervous system activity is still unknown. We examined the effects of NAI on physiological responses, such as blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV) as well as neuronal activity, in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), locus coeruleus (LC), nucleus ambiguus (NA), and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) with c-Fos immunohistochemistry in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rats. In addition, we performed cervical vagotomy to reveal the afferent pathway involved in mediating the effects of NAI on autonomic regulation. NAI significantly decreased BP and HR, and increased HF power of the HRV spectrum. Significant decreases in c-Fos positive nuclei in the PVN and LC, and enhancement of c-Fos expression in the NA and NTS were induced by NAI. After vagotomy, these physiological and neuronal responses to NAI were not observed. These findings suggest that NAI can modulate autonomic regulation through inhibition of neuronal activity in PVN and LC as well as activation of NA neurons, and that these effects of NAI might be mediated via the vagus nerves.

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“…The airborne nano-aeorosol is assumed to trigger a variety of biological effects, e.g., mild activation of the immune system, inducing a balance between TH1/TH2 immunity, stabilizing the autonomous nervous system, and improving blood flow [16, 63–65]. In a mouse model, water-generated negative ions have been shown to enhance cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells [66]. It is also conceivable that the high concentration of negative air ions near waterfalls could influence the human microbiota.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does waterfall aerosol influence mucosal immunity and chronic stress? A randomized controlled clinical trial

Grafetstätter

Gaisberger

Proßegger

et al. 2017

J Physiol Anthropol

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BackgroundThe specific microclimate of alpine waterfalls with high levels of ionized water aerosols has been suggested to trigger beneficial immunological and psychological effects. In the present three-armed randomized controlled clinical study, we focused on effects on (i) immunological reagibility, on (ii) physiological stress responses, and on (iii) stress-related psychological parameters.MethodsPeople with moderate to high stress levels (n = 65) spent an active sojourn with daily hiking tours in the National Park Hohe Tauern (Großkirchheim, Austria). Half of the group was exposed to water aerosol of an alpine waterfall for 1 h/day (first arm, n = 33), whereas the other half spent the same time at a distant site (second arm, n = 32). A third arm (control, n = 26) had no intervention (except vaccination) and stayed at home, maintaining their usual lifestyle. The effect of the interventions on the immune system was tested by oral vaccination with an approved cholera vaccine and measuring specific salivary IgA antibody titers. Lung function was determined by peak expiratory flow measurement. Electric skin conductance, heart rate, and adaption of respiration rate were assessed as physiological stress parameters. Psychological stress-related parameters were analyzed by questionnaires and scales.ResultsCompared to the control group, both intervention groups showed improvement of the lung function and of most physiological stress test parameters. Analysis of the mucosal immune response revealed a waterfall-specific beneficial effect with elevated IgA titers in the waterfall group. In line with these results, exposure to waterfall revealed an additional benefit concerning psychological parameters such as subjective stress perception (measured via visual analog scale), the Global Severity Index (GSI), and the Positive Symptom Total (PST).ConclusionsOur study provides new data, which strongly support an “added value” of exposure to waterfall microclimate when combined with a therapeutic sojourn at high altitude including regular physical activity.

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Water-generated negative air ions activate NK cell and inhibit carcinogenesis in mice

Cited by 35 publications

References 9 publications

Characterization of ions at Alpine waterfalls

Characterization of ions at Alpine waterfalls

Effects of negative air ions on activity of neural substrates involved in autonomic regulation in rats

Does waterfall aerosol influence mucosal immunity and chronic stress? A randomized controlled clinical trial

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