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The emergence of life on the Earth has required a prior organic chemistry leading to the formation of prebiotic molecules. The origin and the evolution of the organic matter on the early Earth is not yet firmly understood. Several hypotheses, possibly complementary, are considered. They can be divided in two categories: endogenous and exogenous sources. In this work we investigate the contribution of a specific endogenous source: the organic chemistry occurring in the ionosphere of the early Earth where the significant VUV contribution of the young Sun involved an efficient formation of reactive species. We address the issue whether this chemistry can lead to the formation of complex organic compounds with CO 2 as only source of carbon in an early atmosphere made of N 2 , CO 2 and H 2 , by mimicking experimentally this type of chemistry using a low pressure plasma reactor. By analyzing the gaseous phase composition, we strictly identified the formation of H 2 O, NH 3 , N 2 O and C 2 N 2 . The formation of a solid organic phase is also observed, confirming the possibility to trigger organic chemistry in the upper atmosphere of the early Earth. The identification of Nitrogen-bearing chemical functions in the solid highlights the possibility for an efficient ionospheric chemistry to provide prebiotic material on the early Earth.
The emergence of life on the Earth has required a prior organic chemistry leading to the formation of prebiotic molecules. The origin and the evolution of the organic matter on the early Earth is not yet firmly understood. Several hypotheses, possibly complementary, are considered. They can be divided in two categories: endogenous and exogenous sources. In this work we investigate the contribution of a specific endogenous source: the organic chemistry occurring in the ionosphere of the early Earth where the significant VUV contribution of the young Sun involved an efficient formation of reactive species. We address the issue whether this chemistry can lead to the formation of complex organic compounds with CO 2 as only source of carbon in an early atmosphere made of N 2 , CO 2 and H 2 , by mimicking experimentally this type of chemistry using a low pressure plasma reactor. By analyzing the gaseous phase composition, we strictly identified the formation of H 2 O, NH 3 , N 2 O and C 2 N 2 . The formation of a solid organic phase is also observed, confirming the possibility to trigger organic chemistry in the upper atmosphere of the early Earth. The identification of Nitrogen-bearing chemical functions in the solid highlights the possibility for an efficient ionospheric chemistry to provide prebiotic material on the early Earth.
<p>&#160;</p> <p><strong>1.&#160; Introduction</strong></p> <p>Hydrogen emisssion by degassing magma is likely to have a significant impact on the H<sub>2</sub> mixing ratio in early atmospheres of terrestrial planets depending on the surface pressure, volcanic flux and oxygen fugacity of the magma [1]. This process can account for the presence of a few percent of hydrogen in the early atmospheres of terrestrial exoplanets.&#160;</p> <p>The formation of water using a N<sub>2</sub>-CO<sub>2</sub>-H<sub>2</sub> mixture was identified in a previous experimental study focusing on the early Earth with nitrogen as a dominant gas and an initial H<sub>2</sub> mixing ratio fixed at 4% [2]. &#160;We now explore various amounts of hydrogen in the mixture to cover the unknown parameters regarding surface emission and to highlight the role played by hydrogen in the chemistry of these exoplanetary atmospheres.</p> <p><strong>2.&#160; Experimental method</strong></p> <p>The PAMPRE (french for &#8220;aerosol production in microgravity using a reactive plasma&#8221;) experimental setup [3] is a plasma reactor used to simulate the photochemistry at low pressure (around 1 hPa) in planetary atmospheres. The CO<sub>2</sub>-N<sub>2</sub>-H<sub>2</sub> mixture is injected in the reactor with various N<sub>2</sub> to H<sub>2</sub> abundance ratio and a fixed abundance of 70% for carbon dioxide. The molecular hydrogen mixing ratio is varied from 5% down to 0.5% in volume. The gas phase in the PAMPRE reactor is analyzed using a quadrupole mass spectrometer (Hiden Analyticals) to identify the species formed once the plasma is turned on.&#160;</p> <p><strong>3.&#160; Experimental results</strong></p> <p><img src="data:image/png;base64, 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
This chapter summarizes the contributions of the early Earth atmosphere between late Hadean and early Archean eons (4.3 to 3.7 Ga) to sustain the emergence of life: influencing both the climate and prebiotic chemical synthesis through photochemistry. Almost no geological constraints remain on these early ages so that chemical scenarios are largely explored through experimental simulation. Main scientific results through time are given, from the pioneer experiment by Miller and Urey in the 50's, up to the most recent studies focusing on high altitude photochemistry.
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