Water for Manual Fire Suppression

Särdqvist, Stefan; Holmstedt, Göran

doi:10.1177/104239101400934333

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Under laboratory conditions, the 45% level has been found to be sufficient for total extinction [10] but that was not found to be the case in this study. Sa¨rdqvist and Holmstedt [45] report that in real fires, the total water application per compartment area is about 30-120 kg/m 2 and the application rates about 0.15-0.25 kg/m 2 s. In 360 s long simulations of three monitors, the total applied water mass was 10 kg=m 2 and the application rate 0.027 kg=m 2 s, far below the estimated real fire -values. The influence of the water suppression on the fire development was monitored by following the heat release rate (HRR) of the fire.…”

Section: Results: Influence Of Fire Intervention On Fire Developmentmentioning

confidence: 90%

Impact of Firefighting Sprays on the Fire Performance of Structural Steel Members

et al. 2022

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The feasibility of coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element (FE) simulations to aid the planning of fire intervention tactics and the effectiveness of structural cooling during firefighting were investigated. Water sprays, generated using fire monitors, were characterized using bucket tests and the results were used for calibrating the CFD spray model. The cooling ability of the sprays was measured experimentally by applying them onto a fire exposed steel beam. The experimental results showed that water application produces a sudden drop in steel temperatures and after 10–15 s, no significant further reduction in temperature was observed. The CFD-FE coupling was performed using the adiabatic surface temperature method, extended here to include the cooling by water droplets. The coupled CFD-FE model was validated using the experimental data and applied to simulate the intervention to a developing warehouse fire, showing how an attempt to cool the structure reduces the temperatures but does not stall the fire-spread. In fact, the intervention -induced vapor generation was found to enhance the flow of hot gases and accelerate the fire-spread if the water resources are inadequate. Thermal and stress analyses of the cooled and uncooled truss beams were performed, showing how the spray cooling halted the truss mid-span deformation.

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Section: Results: Influence Of Fire Intervention On Fire Developmentmentioning

confidence: 90%

Impact of Firefighting Sprays on the Fire Performance of Structural Steel Members

et al. 2022

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“…A high-speed camera with a resolution of 1024 × 1024 pixels was employed to capture images at a rate of 4000 fps. The size of field of view was set to 62 × 62 mm 2 . mm², with one pixel corresponding to 0.06 mm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Small droplets with high speed possess high momentum, enabling both penetration and vaporization to occur simultaneously. Therefore, the ability to sufficiently cool flames to a non-sustainable temperature depends on factors such as droplet size, velocity, and droplet number density [2]. As a preliminary study on the cooling efficiency of sprinklers, many investigations have been carried out to measure the physical characteristics of droplets from fire sprinklers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spray Characteristics Analysis of Fire Sprinkler Spray with Image Processing

Bang,

Kim

2023

Int J Fire Sci Eng

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Sprinkler systems are effective in suppressing fires during their initial stages. The ability of a sprinkler to suppress a fire is contingent on the density, size, and velocity of the droplets it emits. In this study, a high-speed camera was employed to measure the size and velocity of droplets generated by a sprinkler head with a K-factor of 80. To capture images of the sprinkler spray, two acrylic partitions were placed 3 cm apart, with the sprinkler head positioned in the center. A light source was positioned behind the spray, and images were recorded at a resolution of 1024 × 1024 pixels and a speed of 4000 fps. During the image processing phase, bounding circles were drawn using the mean of the major and minor axes of the droplets, and these circles were used to calculate the diameter, velocity, and momentum of the droplets. It was observed that smaller droplets were predominantly present closer to the sprinkler head, while larger droplets were more prevalent in regions farther away. The larger droplets exhibited higher velocities and momentum. As the vertical distance increased, droplet velocity and momentum also increased, primarily due to the influence of gravity.

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“…Torvi et al [6] also bring up a new computer model, FIERAsystem, which simulates the geometry and burning condition of an industrial structure to calculate the water requirements for firefighting. Comparing with real fire cases, Särdovist and Holmstedt [7] suggest the water flow giving the minimum total volume as a measure to plan the dimensions of manual firefighting operations. The Fire Point Theory is also validated in their study to quantify the water demand.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Water Requirements Estimation Model for Fire Suppression: A Study Based on Integrated Uncertainty Analysis

Chang

Huang

2005

Fire Technol

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Rescue work is one of the main objectives of firefighting. To minimize casualties and financial losses, fire service agencies consider sufficient water supply for fire suppression to be the key among the many factors affecting firefighting. The difficulty of collecting water usage data from actual fire scenes has confined the research on water allocation for firefighting in either domestic or international arena mostly to theoretical studies. Consequently, the use of firefighting water resources often follows empirical methods or related government legislation, rather than being an effective practice verified by in-depth field investigation. This study, based on fire engineering theory, employs heat release rate combined with uncertainty analysis to develop a model for estimating water requirements for firefighting. Using firefighting cases at Taoyuan County in Taiwan, R.O.C., a quantitative analysis of the field data was integrated with uncertainty analysis to evaluate the suitability and uncertainty of the proposed firefighting water supply model. The result indicates that the proposed model of firefighting water requirements can effectively reflect water demand in an actual fire incident. Among the 100 cases tested, the actual firefighting water consumptions are averaged as 44.2 metric tons whereas the mean difference between the derived water requirements and the actual amount is approximately ±15 metric tons.

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Water for Manual Fire Suppression

Cited by 6 publications

References 11 publications

Impact of Firefighting Sprays on the Fire Performance of Structural Steel Members

Impact of Firefighting Sprays on the Fire Performance of Structural Steel Members

Spray Characteristics Analysis of Fire Sprinkler Spray with Image Processing

A Water Requirements Estimation Model for Fire Suppression: A Study Based on Integrated Uncertainty Analysis

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