Water Footprint Analysis Under Dual Pressures of Carbon Mitigation and Trade Barrier: A CGE‐Based Study for Yangtze River Economic Belt

Abstract

Facing the dual pressures of carbon mitigation and trade barrier, it is desired that variations of water footprints (WFs) with the related policy interferences be investigated in Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB). In this study, a factorial equilibrium WFs model is developed to (a) tackle the interactive effects (on blue‐ and gray‐WFs) of different policy alternatives presented as multiple levels of carbon tax and import tariff; (b) explore the variations of blue‐ and gray‐WFs in specific socio‐economic sectors under multiple scenarios of the dual pressures; and (c) investigate the provincial WFs from the perspective of commodity consumption. It is found that increased import tariffs can boost the WFs of primary energy and resource‐conversion sectors, and can promote inter‐sectoral virtual‐water exchanges; carbon tax can suppress the WFs for most of the sectors, and can result in entirely declined industrial production. Moreover, carbon tax can lead to reduced water productivity in YREB, and thus exacerbate water shortage. Through this research, desired policies for water‐footprint management policies could be identified with maximized socio‐economic and environmental benefits.

Research on the Impact of Digital Trade Barriers on International Business and Countermeasures

“…Equation (1) and equation (2), that is, the international business services product demand function and price index as follows:…”

“…With the rapid development of the Internet, blockchain, and other digital technologies, the industry chain and value chain of traditional services trade have been reconstructed and upgraded, and digital services trade characterized by digitization is becoming a wave sweeping the development of global services trade [1][2][3]. According to the Global Digital Economy White Paper, the scale of the value added of the digital economy in 47 countries in 2021 amounted to 38.1 trillion U.S. dollars, an increase of 15.6% compared with 2020, accounting for 45.0% of GDP [4][5].…”

Factorial CGE‐Based Analysis for the Indirect Benefits of the Three Gorges Project

“…Other key parameters are collected from the previous research (Y. Fu et al, 2022;X. Zheng et al, 2021).…”

“…Some basic economic socioeconomic data are collected from https://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm%3Fcn%3D;C01. Other key parameters are collected from the previous research (Y. Fu et al., 2022; X. Zheng et al., 2021). The YREB‐SAM table is displayed in Supplementary .…”