Water First Aid Is Beneficial In Humans Post-Burn: Evidence from a Bi-National Cohort Study

Abstract

IntroductionReported first aid application, frequency and practices around the world vary greatly. Based primarily on animal and observational studies, first aid after a burn injury is considered to be integral in reducing scar and infection, and the need for surgery. The current recommendation for optimum first aid after burn is water cooling for 20 minutes within three hours. However, compliance with this guideline is reported as poor to moderate at best and evidence exists to suggest that overcooling can be detrimental. This prospective cohort study of a bi-national burn patient registry examined data collected between 2009 and 2012. The aim of the study was to quantify the magnitude of effects of water cooling first aid after burn on indicators of burn severity in a large human cohort.MethodThe data for the analysis was provided by the Burn Registry of Australia and New Zealand (BRANZ). The application of first aid cooling prior to admission to a dedicated burn service, was analysed for its influence on four outcomes related to injury severity. The patient related outcomes were whether graft surgery occurred, and death while the health system (cost) outcomes included total hospital length of stay and admission to ICU. Robust regression analysis using bootstrapped estimation adjusted using a propensity score was used to control for confounding and to estimate the strength of association with first aid. Dose-response relationships were examined to determine associations with duration of first aid. The influence of covariates on the impact of first aid was assessed.ResultsCooling was provided before Burn Centre admission for 68% of patients, with at least twenty minutes duration for 46%. The results indicated a reduction in burn injury severity associated with first aid. Patients probability for graft surgery fell by 0.070 from 0.537 (13% reduction) (p = 0.014). The probability for ICU admission fell by 0.084 from 0.175 (48% reduction) (p<0.001) and hospital length of stay (LOS) fell by 2.27 days from 12.9 days (18% reduction) (p = 0.001). All outcomes except death showed a dose-response relationship with the duration of first aid. The size of burn and age interacted with many of the relationships between first aid and outcome and these are described and discussed.Discussion & ConclusionThis study suggests that there are significant patient and health system benefits from cooling water first aid, particularly if applied for up to 20 minutes. The results of this study estimate the effect size of post-burn first aid and confirm that efforts to promote first aid knowledge are not only warranted, but provide potential cost savings.

Burns in the elderly: a nationwide study on management and clinical outcomes

“…Recently, Wood et al . emphasized the beneficial effect of cooling on burn severity [ 29 ]. In our cohort, adequate burn cooling rapidly declined with age.…”

Knowledge of childhood burn risks and burn first aid: Cool Runnings

“…Correct burn first aid knowledge was defined as cool running water for 20 min, based on evidence of benefit. [16][17][18] From these four questions, an overall burn knowledge score out of 4 was computed. Details for scoring are shown in table 1.…”

Barriers to adequate first aid for paediatric burns at the scene of the injury

“…Current guidelines recommend at least 20 minutes of cool running water (CRW) applied to the burn site within three hours of the injury . Clinical benefits associated with this treatment include accelerated reepithelialisation, burns of more superficial depth, decreased rates of ICU admission and wound repair surgery, and shorter hospital stays, all of which may help to curb the significant physical, psychological and financial burdens that burn injuries place on patients and their families. The demonstrated effects of CRW on healing might also reduce the risk of harmful long‐term sequelae such as hypertrophic scarring.…”