Water, energy and food nexus of Indus Water Treaty: Water governance

Abas, Naeem; Hasan, Qadeer Ul; Kalair, Esmat; Kalair, Ali Raza; Khan, Nasrullah

doi:10.1016/j.wen.2019.04.001

Cited by 77 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The centuries‐long journey from fire to wire gave prosperity and economic growth at the expense of invisible climate change calamity. Dire famines, flash floods, acidic waters, and heat and cold waves have started affecting the global community . The people who never contributed to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions might be the first victims of climate change aftereffects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) based heating and cooling technologies: Past, present, and future outlook

2019

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Summary Refrigerants bearing high global warming potential (GWP) and ozone depletion potential (ODP) were outlawed or facing time‐beared permission under the Montreal (1987), Kyoto (1997) protocols, F‐Gas law (2015), Paris Accord (2016), and recent Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol (2019). In order to modify followed by the paradigm shift of existing heating and cooling systems, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air‐Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) envisaged natural and synthetic refrigerants (Synrefs) are under investigation globally. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a popular natural refrigerant (Natref) replacing Synrefs used in commercial heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems globally. A rampant rise is observed in markets of Asia (Japan and China), North America (the United States and Canada), the Australian continent, and Africa (South Africa) by reaching 20 000 CO2‐stores around the globe. The European markets are leading the utilization of CO2 in the heat pump, and refrigeration, CO2 based markets estimate 14% of the total food retail stores (400 m2). Japan is the second leading market of CO2 heat pump and refrigeration with more than 10 200 CO2 condensing units. CO2 transcritical systems have a share of more than 10% in only European market (large stores); however, their share is less than 10% of total stores in other major markets of the world. New pump and compressor‐driven transcritical CO2 systems integrate ejectors, condensers, and booster systems to reduce energy consumptions, enhance efficiency, efficacy, and coefficient of performance. This article reports a critical review of the CO2 based heating, cooling, and refrigeration system and presents updated literature along with barriers and challenges on commercial use of Natref‐based heating and cooling applications worldwide.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dire famines, flash floods, acidic waters, and heat and cold waves have started affecting the global community. [2][3][4] The people who never contributed to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions might be the first victims of climate change aftereffects. Ex.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) based heating and cooling technologies: Past, present, and future outlook

2019

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“…Raza Kalair et al investigated the nexus of water, energy, and food in a transboundary perspective. They concluded that Indus Water Treaty has been successful in solving the water conflicts between India and Pakistan . Jabari et al studied the water–heat‐power nexus to co‐optimize water and power generation systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14 Xiang and Jia in 2019 investigated the nexus of water-energy in china and found that water collection and transfer systems accounts for 54% of the total energy use in the country. 15 Raza Kalair et al 16 investigated the nexus of water, energy, and food in a transboundary perspective. They concluded that Indus Water Treaty has been successful in solving the water conflicts between India and Pakistan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling of water–energy‐environment nexus by water evaluation and planning and long‐range energy alternative planning models: A case study

Javadifard

Khadivi

Motahari

et al. 2019

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

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The present study, as the first study of this type in Iran, was carried out with the aim of modeling Water–Energy‐Environment nexus of Jajrood River in northern Iran. The water evaluation and planning and long‐range energy alternative planning software were used as practical tools for water and energy modeling. To this end, after collecting the required input data on water and power supply and demand in Jajrood Basin, with regard to the population increase rate, three scenarios were simulated. By linking the data of the two software, the overlap between supply and demand in the nexus between water and energy, and greenhouse gas emissions were compared. According to the results, “reducing water consumption” (first scenario) and “rising water prices” (second scenario) were the best scenarios for policy‐making in the fields of water, energy, and environmental conservation in the next 20 years. These two scenarios will have four benefits of reducing water consumption (32.9 and 16.52%, respectively, under the first and second scenarios), reducing energy consumption (32 and 14.4%, respectively, under the first and second scenarios), reducing power generation (1.87 and 81.8%, respectively, under the first and second scenarios), and reducing greenhouse gas emissions (25 and 11%, respectively, under the first and second scenarios).

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Analysing and evaluating environmental flows through hydrological methods in the regulated Indus River Basin

Mehmood,

Tischbein,

Mahmood

et al. 2024

Ecohydrology

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Environmental flows (EFs), essential for upholding the ecological integrity of rivers and aquatic habitats, have been disrupted significantly by diverting water for agricultural, industrial and domestic uses. This underscores the imperative of implementing sustainable water resource management to harmonize agricultural and environmental needs. The study was conducted in the Indus River Basin (IRB), a region extensively transformed by human interventions. EFs were determined through various techniques, including the flow duration curve shifting method, flow duration curve analysis, low‐flow indices, the Tennant method, the Smakhtin approach, the Tessmann method and the Pastor method. Analysing the estimated EFs alongside downstream flows unveiled specific timeframes (days, months and seasons) of unmet EF requirements. To safeguard the downstream ecosystems, the following EFs were estimated for the respective locations: 880 m3/s (38% of the mean annual flow [MAF]) for the Indus River at Tarbela Dam, 412 m3/s (48% of the MAF) for the Jhelum at Mangla Dam, 425 m3/s (44% of the MAF) for the Chenab at Marala headworks, 389 m3/s (56% of MAF) for the Ravi at Balloki headworks, 184 m3/s (50% of MAF) for the Sutlej at Sulemanki headworks and 231 m3/s (38% of MAF) below Kotri Barrage. The study revealed that violations of EFs occurred 41%, 43%, 44% and 52% of the time during the study period for the Chenab at Marala headworks, the Ravi at Balloki headworks, the Sutlej at Sulemanki headworks and the Indus River at the Kotri Barrage, respectively. The results highlighted that the Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej rivers are particularly susceptible to vulnerability, as the estimated EFs were not consistently upheld in these rivers. These findings underscore the urgent need to take appropriate measures to ensure EFs are not violated, thus safeguarding the downstream ecosystems.

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Water, energy and food nexus of Indus Water Treaty: Water governance

Cited by 77 publications

References 53 publications

Review of carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) based heating and cooling technologies: Past, present, and future outlook

Review of carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) based heating and cooling technologies: Past, present, and future outlook

Modeling of water–energy‐environment nexus by water evaluation and planning and long‐range energy alternative planning models: A case study

Analysing and evaluating environmental flows through hydrological methods in the regulated Indus River Basin

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Water, energy and food nexus of Indus Water Treaty: Water governance

Cited by 77 publications

References 53 publications

Review of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) based heating and cooling technologies: Past, present, and future outlook

Review of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) based heating and cooling technologies: Past, present, and future outlook

Modeling of water–energy‐environment nexus by water evaluation and planning and long‐range energy alternative planning models: A case study

Analysing and evaluating environmental flows through hydrological methods in the regulated Indus River Basin

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Review of carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) based heating and cooling technologies: Past, present, and future outlook

Review of carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) based heating and cooling technologies: Past, present, and future outlook