Water diffusion and swelling stresses in highly crosslinked epoxy matrices

Toscano, Andrea; Pitarresi, Giuseppe; Scafidi, Michele; Filippo, Maria Di; Spadaro, Giuseppe; Alessi, Sabina

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.09.004

Cited by 78 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…Fiber-reinforced composite (fiber-reinforced polymer; FRP) laminates are used for structural applications in marine, offshore and oil and gas industries due to their light weight and corrosion resistance [1][2][3]. Composites offshore have been implemented in such applications as risers, tethers, repair patches and ship hulls [4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Composites offshore have been implemented in such applications as risers, tethers, repair patches and ship hulls [4][5][6][7][8]. In these applications, FRPs are exposed to water and experience subsequent water-induced or hygroscopic swelling [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In FRPs, the matrix is constricted by fibers, and as a result, this affects the swelling behaviour. What complicates the phenomenon even more is the orthotropic nature of swelling of composites-fibers, such as glass or carbon, do not swell, while the polymer does [3,10]. Such incompatible swelling behaviour in FRPs leads to swelling stresses at the interfaces, which may lead to microcrack formation, especially under transient conditions (non-uniform moisture content distribution) [3,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…What complicates the phenomenon even more is the orthotropic nature of swelling of composites-fibers, such as glass or carbon, do not swell, while the polymer does [3,10]. Such incompatible swelling behaviour in FRPs leads to swelling stresses at the interfaces, which may lead to microcrack formation, especially under transient conditions (non-uniform moisture content distribution) [3,11]. Hygroscopic swelling may affect the mechanical properties of FRPs significantly [2,9,12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various studies have been performed on swelling of FRPs [10,13,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] and, more recently, on hygroscopic swelling in textile composites [26,27]. The works available in the literature have addressed several aspects of hygroscopic swelling in composites, from the nature of swelling in polymeric matrix [3,10,28,29], to the influence of swelling on the fluid diffusion in polymers [13,16,23,30,31], to the development of micromechanical models to predict transverse swelling [17,26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prediction of Orthotropic Hygroscopic Swelling of Fiber-Reinforced Composites from Isotropic Swelling of Matrix Polymer

2019

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Swelling in fiber-reinforced composites is anisotropic. In this work, dealing with glass fiber epoxy composite immersed in distilled water, swelling coefficients are obtained in each direction experimentally. Swelling behaviour in the fiber direction was constrained by the non-swelling fibers and was close to null, while swelling in the transverse directions was found to occur freely—similar to the unconstrained polymer. An analytical method for predicting anisotropic swelling in composites from the swelling of the matrix polymer is reported in this work. The method has an advantage that it is simple to use in practice and requires only a swelling coefficient of the matrix polymer, elastic constants of the matrix and fibers, and a known fiber volume fraction of the composite. The method was validated using finite element analysis. Good agreement was obtained and is reported between experimental hygroscopic swelling data, analytical and numerical results for composite laminates, indicating the validity of this predictive approach.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prediction of Orthotropic Hygroscopic Swelling of Fiber-Reinforced Composites from Isotropic Swelling of Matrix Polymer

2019

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Impact of water absorption on the creep performance of epoxy/microcrystalline cellulose composites

Lavoratti,

Bianchi,

Cruz

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Recently, considerable effort has been made to study cellulose/epoxy composites. However, there is a gap when it comes to understanding the post‐conditioning anomalous effect of moisture uptake on their mechanical and dynamic‐mechanical properties, and on their creep behavior. In this work, up to 10.0 wt% microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was incorporated into epoxy resin by simple mixing and sonication. Epoxy/MCC composites were fabricated by casting in rubber silicone molds, and rectangular and dog‐bone test specimens were produced. The moisture uptake, dynamic mechanical, chemical, tensile, and creep behavior were evaluated. The incorporation of MCC increased the water diffusion coefficient. The changes in storage modulus and glass transition temperature, combined with Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, evidenced that water sorption in epoxies causes both plasticization and additional resin crosslinking, although the latter is prevented by the addition of MCC. The creep strain of the composites increased by 60% after conditioning, indicating that plasticization induced by water sorption plays an important role in the long‐term properties of the composites.

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Water transport in epoxy/polyurethane interpenetrating networks

Bratasyuk

Ostanin

Мокеев

et al. 2022

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Diffusion of water in epoxy-polyurethane (PU) interpenetrating networks was investigated using gravimetry, time-resolved ATR-FTIR, and 2D correlation analysis. In this study, the amount of PU component and the length of polyethylene oxide soft block in them were systematically varied to determine their influence on water uptake. The diffusion coefficients were calculated and anomalous water diffusion is well described by the Carter and Kibler model. Water molecules of four different states

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Water diffusion and swelling stresses in highly crosslinked epoxy matrices

Cited by 78 publications

References 22 publications

Prediction of Orthotropic Hygroscopic Swelling of Fiber-Reinforced Composites from Isotropic Swelling of Matrix Polymer

Prediction of Orthotropic Hygroscopic Swelling of Fiber-Reinforced Composites from Isotropic Swelling of Matrix Polymer

Impact of water absorption on the creep performance of epoxy/microcrystalline cellulose composites

Water transport in epoxy/polyurethane interpenetrating networks

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