Water Deficit–Induced Senescence and Its Relationship to the Remobilization of Pre‐Stored Carbon in Wheat during Grain Filling

Yang, Jianchang; Zhang, Jianhua; Wang, Zhiqing; Zhu, Qingsen; Liu, Lijun

doi:10.2134/agronj2001.931196x

Cited by 252 publications

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“…Third, the WD imposed in our experiments was rather mild and controlled properly such that plants could rehydrate overnight. We have observed that such a mild WD imposed during grain filling would not seriously reduce photosynthesis (Yang et al, 2000(Yang et al, , 2001a. Under such conditions, the gain from the accelerated grain-filling rate may outweigh the possible loss of photosynthesis as a result of a shortened grain-filling period, leading to an increase in grain yield in the cases where plant senescence is unfavorably delayed by excessive application of N fertilizer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Activities of Key Enzymes in Sucrose-to-Starch Conversion in Wheat Grains Subjected to Water Deficit during Grain Filling

et al. 2004

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This study tested the hypothesis that a controlled water deficit during grain filling of wheat (Triticum aestivum) could accelerate grain-filling rate through regulating the key enzymes involved in Suc-to-starch pathway in the grains. Two high lodgingresistant wheat cultivars were field grown. Well-watered and water-deficit (WD) treatments were imposed from 9 DPA until maturity. The WD promoted the reallocation of prefixed 14 C from the stems to grains, shortened the grain-filling period, and increased grain-filling rate or starch accumulation rate (SAR) in the grains. Activities of Suc synthase (SuSase), soluble starch synthase (SSS), and starch branching enzyme (SBE) in the grains were substantially enhanced by WD and positively correlated with the SAR. ADP Glc pyrophosphorylase activity was also enhanced in WD grains initially and correlated with SAR with a smaller coefficient. Activities of granule-bound starch synthase and soluble and insoluble acid invertase in the grains were less affected by WD. Abscisic acid (ABA) content in the grains was remarkably enhanced by WD and very significantly correlated with activities of SuSase, SSS, and SBE. Application of ABA on well-watered plants showed similar results as those by WD. Spraying with fluridone, an ABA synthesis inhibitor, had the opposite effect. The results suggest that increased grainfilling rate is mainly attributed to the enhanced sink activity by regulating key enzymes involved in Suc-to-starch conversion, especially SuSase, SSS, and SBE, in wheat grains when subjected to a mild water deficit during grain filling, and ABA plays a vital role in the regulation of this process.Starch in the endosperm of wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the major form of carbon reserves and comprises 65% to 75% of the final dry weight of the grain (Housley et al., 1981;Dale and Housley, 1986;Hurkman et al., 2003). Grain filling is therefore mainly a process of starch biosynthesis and accumulation. It is generally accepted that four enzymes may play a key role in this process: Suc synthase (SuSase; EC 2.4.1.13), ADP Glc pyrophosphorylase (AGPase; EC 2.7.7.27), starch synthase (StSase; EC 2.4.1.21), and starch branching enzyme (SBE; EC 2.4. 1.18;Hawker and Jenner, 1993; Ahmadi and Baker, 2001;Hurkman et al., 2003). SuSase catalyses the cleavage of Suc, the main transported form of assimilates in wheat plants (Fisher and Gifford, 1986), to form UDP-Glc and Fru, which is thought to be the first step in the Suc-to-starch conversion. Its activity is considered to be linked to sink strength in the developing rice (Oryza sativa) grain and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit (Sun et al., 1992;Wang et al., 1993;Kato, 1995). AGPase produces ADP-Glc, the primer of the starch chain (Smith and Denyer, 1992), and is regarded as the rate-limiting enzyme in starch biosynthesis (Preiss, 1988). StSase, composed of both soluble and granule-bound isoforms, elongates the amylose and amylopectin chains (Déjardin et al., 1997). Soluble StSase (SSS) activity is reported to be positively correlate...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Our earlier work has shown that an increased grainfilling rate is closely associated with an enhanced ABA level in water-stressed grains (Yang et al, 2001a(Yang et al, , 2001c. Here in this experiment, the change in ABA content in the grains and its possible role in the regulation of the enzymatic activities were also investigated.…”

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Activities of Key Enzymes in Sucrose-to-Starch Conversion in Wheat Grains Subjected to Water Deficit during Grain Filling

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“…The level of starch in the grain is primarily dependent on photosynthesis occurring in the flag leaf after anthesis, the duration of grain filling, and remobilization from other parts of the plant (Hay and Walker 1989). If environmental conditions are poor during grain filling, then the amount of photoassimilate available for grain filling might be lower, more stored carbon would need to be remobilized, and kernels could be lighter (Yang et al 2001). In the amended plots, the higher weed competition (Beavers 2005) may have reduced the light and other resources available to the wheat plants.…”

Section: á1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spring wheat yield response to variable seeding rates in organic farming systems at different fertility regimes

Beavers¹,

Hammermeister²,

Frick³

et al. 2008

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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. 2008. Spring wheat yield response to variable seeding rates in organic farming systems at different fertility regimes. Can. J. Plant Sci. 88: 43Á52. Seeding rates in organic systems should balance a crop's competitive ability while maintaining grain yield and quality. A 2-yr study assessed the response of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to variable seeding rates (1) conventionally recommended rate, 1.25 ), 1.5 ) and 2 )) in a plot experiment in Nova Scotia and on organic farms across Canada. The plot experiment was a two-factor factorial assessing seeding rate and fertility. For the Canada-wide experiment, the four seeding rates were completely randomized on each farm. Wheat yield was highest at the 2 ) seeding rate in 2003, but average crop emergence across all treatment combinations was only 56%. In 2004, crop emergence was 76% and the 1.25 ), 1.5) and 2 ) seeding rates had greater yield than the 1 ) rate. Seeding rate affected plant density and heads per square metre, but no differences were observed among rates for kernels per head or thousand kernel weight. Grain protein content was similar among seeding rates and was increased by the high fertility treatment. On farms, a 1.25 ) seeding rate was sufficient to maximize yield when averaged across all sites. Increasing seeding rate by at least 1.25 ) the conventionally recommended rate appears to be an appropriate management practice for organic production.Key words: wheat (spring), seeding rate, crop density, organic agriculture Beavers, R. L, Hammermeister, A. M., Frick, B., Astatkie, T. et R. C. Martin. 2008. Re´action du rendement du ble´de printemps a`une densite´de semis variable dans les syste`mes de culture biologique sous diffe´rents re´gimes de fertilisation. Can. J. Plant Sci. 88: 43Á52. En agriculture biologique, la densite´des semis devrait faire la part entre la compe´titivite´de la culture et le maintien de la qualite´du grain ainsi que du rendement. Pendant deux ans, les auteurs ont e´value´la re´action du ble´de printemps (Triticum aestivum L.) a`une densite´de semis variable (1 ), 1,25), 1,5 ) et 2 ) la densite´recommande´e) sur une parcelle expe´rimentale, en Nouvelle-É cosse, et sur des fermes pratiquant l'agriculture biologique, un peu partout au Canada. L'expe´rience sur parcelle pre´voyait l'e´valuation factorielle de la densite´des semis selon deux parame`tres et la fertilite´. Pour l'expe´rience pancanadienne, la densite´de semis a e´te´choisie entie`rement au hasard parmi les quatre pre´cite´es, pour chaque exploitation. Le ble´a connu son meilleur rendement a`la densite´2 ) en 2003, mais le taux de leve´e moyen pour l'ensemble des combinaisons n'e´tait que de 56 %. En 2004, le taux de leve´e s'est e´tabli a`76 % et les densite´s 1,25 ), 1,5 ) et 2 ) ont donne´un meilleur rendement que la densite´1). La densite´de semis affecte la densite´du peuplement et le nombre d'e´pis au me`tre carre´, mais pas le nombre de grains par e´pi ni le poids de mille grains. La teneur en prote´ines du grain est similaire, peu importe la densite´de...

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“…heavy use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (Ling et al, 1993;Yang et al, 1996), or adoption of lodging-resistant cultivars of which some stay "green" for too long (Yuan, 1997;Zhu et al, 1997). Our early work showed that water stress imposed during the grain filling of wheat could enhance remobilization of prestored carbon reserves to the grains and grain filling rate (Yang et al, 2000b(Yang et al, , 2001). However, little is known about whether and how plant hormones are involved in the processes.…”

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Hormonal Changes in the Grains of Rice Subjected to Water Stress during Grain Filling

et al. 2001

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Lodging-resistant rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars usually show slow grain filling when nitrogen is applied in large amounts. This study investigated the possibility that a hormonal change may mediate the effect of water deficit that enhances whole plant senescence and speeds up grain filling. Two rice cultivars showing high lodging resistance and slow grain filling were field grown and applied with either normal or high amount nitrogen (HN) at heading. Well-watered and water-stressed (WS) treatments were imposed 9 days post anthesis to maturity. Results showed that WS increased partitioning of fixed 14 CO 2 into grains, accelerated the grain filling rate but shortened the grain filling period, whereas the HN did the opposite way. Cytokinin (zeatin ϩ zeatin riboside) and indole-3-acetic acid contents in the grains transiently increased at early filling stage and WS treatments hastened their declines at the late grain filling stage. Gibberellins (GAs; GA 1 ϩ GA 4 ) in the grains were also high at early grain filling but HN enhanced, whereas WS substantially reduced, its accumulation. Opposite to GAs, abscisic acid (ABA) in the grains was low at early grain filling but WS remarkably enhanced its accumulation. The peak values of ABA were significantly correlated with the maximum grain filling rates (r ϭ 0.92**, P Ͻ 0.01) and the partitioning of fixed 14 C into grains (r ϭ 0.95**, P Ͻ 0.01). Exogenously applied ABA on pot-grown HN rice showed similar results as those by WS. Results suggest that an altered hormonal balance in rice grains by water stress during grain filling, especially a decrease in GAs and an increase in ABA, enhances the remobilization of prestored carbon to the grains and accelerates the grain filling rate.

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Water Deficit–Induced Senescence and Its Relationship to the Remobilization of Pre‐Stored Carbon in Wheat during Grain Filling

Cited by 252 publications

References 52 publications

Activities of Key Enzymes in Sucrose-to-Starch Conversion in Wheat Grains Subjected to Water Deficit during Grain Filling

Activities of Key Enzymes in Sucrose-to-Starch Conversion in Wheat Grains Subjected to Water Deficit during Grain Filling

Spring wheat yield response to variable seeding rates in organic farming systems at different fertility regimes

Hormonal Changes in the Grains of Rice Subjected to Water Stress during Grain Filling

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