Water Cooled TJ Dense Array Modules for Parabolic Dishes

Concentrated photovoltaic thermal (CPVT) solar collector systems: Part I – Fundamentals, design considerations and current technologies

“…Currently, several hotspot analytical and experimental models are available in the literature [26,27]. Mitigation strategies include using parallelconnected, adequately-sized bypass diodes across PV strings to provide an alternative path for the current when a cell is reversebiased due to poor illumination [24,25]; using concentrated flux homogenizers or multiple optical elements to minimize the unavoidable non-uniformity of the resulting image from concentrator optics [62,83,315]; connecting the cells in-parallel when individual cell voltages are adequate since voltage matching is less sensitive to illumination non-homogeneities than current matching [63]; and optimizing the geometrical arrangement and electrical connection of cells and strings in an array in accordance with the solar flux distribution using innovative strategies such as total cross-tied connections [317], strings with different cell widths [318], connecting individual cells with DC/DC converters [319], and using computerized algorithms to estimate the array's current-voltage curve for all possible connection configurations [320].…”

A novel solar concentrator system for combined heat and power application in residential sector

“…As the conversion efficiency is the main driver of the CPV technology's economic sustainability, an important issue in designing dense array systems is represented by the irradiance distribution over the array, a problem widely discussed in bibliography for single cell systems [22], but less investigated for dense arrays [23,24]. A non-uniform irradiance pattern could severely worsen the receiver electrical performance thereby reducing the efficiency.…”

Enhancing the efficiency of solar concentrators by controlled optical aberrations: Method and photovoltaic application

“…Few commercial systems and technical data are available on secondary optics embedded in dense arrays. Some researches faced the uniformity problem from the receiver point of view, developing new electrical connections [26], embedding different cells in the same array [27] or designing new receivers with radial symmetry [28].…”