Water-cooled stacked-actuator flexible mirror for high-power laser beam correction

Various Applications of Methods and Elements of Adaptive Optics

“…A sine voltage with a frequency range from 0.1 to 18 kHz was applied to electrode #1. Due to the piezoelectric effect, AC voltage was detected on the neighboring electrode #2 and was registered using the oscilloscope [54]. The amplitude of the output signal was stable up to a frequency of 12 kHz, and the first resonance was found at a frequency of 13.2 kHz (Figure 7).…”

Wavefront control with high-spatial cartridge-type piezostack deformable mirror

“…To investigate some key parameters (influence functions, local stroke) of the deformable mirror optical setup based on the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor was made (Figure 3). The detailed description of the setup can be found in [22] . Figure 3.…”

“…They are divided into devices with a continuous [15] and segmented [16] reflective surface. According to the principle of operation, they can be divided into: mechanical [17] , membrane [18], MEMS [19] , magnetostrictive [20] , thermally deformable [21] , piezostack [22][23][24][25] , bimorph [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] , combined mirrors (using several technologies simultaneously) [34,35] , as well as liquid crystal light modulators [36] , devices with a matrix of micromirrors (DMD technology) [37] or simple tip-tilt stages [38][39][40][41] . Every part of the correction system (wavefront sensor, wavefront corrector, control unit) impact on the error budget of the system [42][43][44] .…”

Cartridge-type piezostack deformable mirror with reduced cross-section of control elements

“…Nevertheless, crucial role in aforementioned systems plays wavefront correctors. They could be divided by principle of actuation of control elements: mechanical [26] , thermally deformable [27] , liquid crystal light modulators [28] , actuated by electromagnetic forces (MEMS [29] , voice-coil deformable mirrors [30] ) and piezoelectric [31][32][33] . The latter could be categorized on two large groups: bimorph [34][35][36][37][38] and piezostack ones [39][40][41][42][43] .…”