Water Conflicts: From Ancient to Modern Times and in the Future

Angelakιs, Andreas N.; Valipour, Mohammad; Ahmed, Abdelkader T.; Tzanakakis, Vasileios Α.; Paranychianakis, Nikolaos V.; Krasilnikoff, Jens A.; Drusiani, R.; Mays, Larry W.; Gohary, Fatma El; Koutsoyiannis, Demetris; Khan, Saifullah; Giacco, Luigi Joseph Del

doi:10.3390/su13084237

Cited by 24 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…This material was used for removing the impurities from drinking water after it was boiled. Specifically, the method consisted of a piece of cloth, folded at the corners, into which water could be poured, usually after being boiled, and then passed through to increase cleanliness for use in medical procedures [23]. In all the ancient world, more than 400 Asclepieia (i.e., Ancient Hospitals) were operated.…”

Section: Classical and Hellenistic Periods (Ca 480-31 Bc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…26). Moreover, Xenophon, in his Hellenica, referred to several instances where cutting off the opponents' water supply or polluting it was a wellproven strategy (Xenophon, Hellenica, 3.1.7) [23]. On the other hand, Thucydides, who referred to the siege of Pylos in 425 BC, stated that the Spartans during the war surrendered due to the lack of food and water in "the desert island" (Thucydides, 4.…”

Section: Classical and Hellenistic Periods (Ca 480-31 Bc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…26). Moreover, Xenophon, in his Hellenica, referred to several instances where cutting off the opponents' water supply or polluting it was a well-proven strategy (Xenophon, Hellenica, 3.1.7) [23].…”

Section: Classical and Hellenistic Periods (Ca 480-31 Bc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water Quality Focusing on the Hellenic World: From Ancient to Modern Times and the Future

Angelakιs

Dercas

Tzanakakis

2022

Water

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Water quality is a fundamental issue for the survival of a city, especially on dry land. In ancient times, water availability determined the location and size of villages and cities. Water supply and treatment methods were developed and perfected along with the evolution of urbanization. In Europe, after the fall of the Roman Empire, water supply and sewage systems went through fundamental changes. However, in medieval times, the lack of proper sanitation and low water quality increased the spreading and effects of epidemics. The importance of potable water quality was established during modern times. In Greece, the significance of water filtration and disinfection was not understood until the beginning of the 20th century. Moreover, the beneficial effects of water quality and sanitation on human health and especially on life expectancy are considered. In Greece and other countries, a dramatic increase in life expectancy mainly after the 2nd World War is probably due to the improvement of potable water quality and hygiene conditions. However, since the mid-20th century, new water quality issues have emerged, such as eutrophication, the improvement of water treatment technologies, as well as chemical and microbiological water pollution problems. This study, in addition to the historical evolution of water quality, highlights and discusses the current issues and challenges with regard to the management and protection of water quality, including global changes in population and urbanization, lack of infrastructure, use of nonconventional water resources, spreading of emerging pollutants and contaminants (e.g., antibiotics and microplastics), and climatic variability impacts. Against these, a review of the main proposed strategies and measures is presented and discussed to protect water quality and maintain water supplies for the future. Understanding the practices and solutions of the past provides a lens with which to view the present and future.

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Section: Classical and Hellenistic Periods (Ca 480-31 Bc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Classical and Hellenistic Periods (Ca 480-31 Bc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water Quality Focusing on the Hellenic World: From Ancient to Modern Times and the Future

Angelakιs

Dercas

Tzanakakis

2022

Water

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“…He stated that in the case of fresh water scarcity at sea, seamen boil the seawater in a brazen vessel and close the mouth of the vessel with a sponge to collect what is evaporated. Then they drink fresh water from squeezing the sponge [47][48][49][50][51][52].…”

Section: Classical and Hellenistic Periodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future

Angelakιs

Valipour

Choo

et al. 2021

Water

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Water is life, and without water, there would be no civilizations and a vacant Earth. Water is considered an abundant natural resource on the earth. Water covers 3/4 of the surface. However, 97% of the available water on the earth is salty oceanic water, and only a tiny fraction (3%) is freshwater. This small portion of the available water supplies the needs of humans and animals. However, freshwater exists in underground, rivers, and lakes and is insufficient to cover all the world’s water demands. Thus, water saving, water reuse, rainwater harvesting, stormwater utilization, and desalination are critical for maintaining water supplies for the future of humanity. Desalination has a long history spanning centuries from ancient times to the present. In the last two decades, desalination has been rapidly expanding to meet water needs in stressed water regions of the world. Yet, there are still some problems with its implementation in several areas of the world. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the history of desalination for wiser and smarter water extraction and uses to sustain and support the water needs of the earth’s inhabitants.

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“…Thus, it is required to take urgent actions as these factors could negatively impact the environmental and economic spheres. Thus, they affect social aspects (e.g., health or food security), or even could endanger production and trade, as seen recently [3] . Environmental issues are closely related to economic and social issues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental laws and politics, the relevance of implementing regulation of the presence of emerging pollutants in Mexico: a systematic review

Sanchéz-Ocampo¹,

Téllez-López²,

Islas-Flores³

et al. 2022

WECN

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Aim: To carry out a systematic review of the environmental regulation applicable to emerging pollutants at the international level, with a special interest in Mexico. Methods: The search for articles and documents was carried out under the criteria of the PRISMA statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis), in databases such as Pub-Med, Scopus, Science Direct, Jane’s, Dimensions, Google Scholar, as well as the Comprehensive System of Standards and Evaluation of the Ministry of the Interior of Mexico. Results: 3089 documents were reviewed, and considering the inclusion, exclusion, and quality criteria, 2 tables were constructed, the first with 24 scientific articles and the second with 7 Mexican standards. Conclusion: The regulation of emerging pollutants is a critical issue that must involve all sectors (for example, political, economic, social, and environmental). For this, it is necessary to coordinate the government, society and consider the experiences of other countries for its implementation. It was also identified that the issues of access to information and education programs have a significant impact on compliance with environmental regulations and that there is little scientific evidence on this matter.

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Water Conflicts: From Ancient to Modern Times and in the Future

Cited by 24 publications

References 114 publications

Water Quality Focusing on the Hellenic World: From Ancient to Modern Times and the Future

Water Quality Focusing on the Hellenic World: From Ancient to Modern Times and the Future

Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future

Environmental laws and politics, the relevance of implementing regulation of the presence of emerging pollutants in Mexico: a systematic review

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