Water balance of Earth / Bilan hydrologique de la Terre

Abstract

The paper presents a compact picture of the occurrence of water on Earth, including the temporal development of water resources of the planet, the current water balance, and the future of water on Earth. In examining numerous standard hydrological references and new developments in quantification of the water resources of planet Earth, several corrections are proposed to the hydrological water balance of Earth. Particular attention is drawn to the areas of open water surfaces on land, which according to current estimates are much larger than reported in standard hydrological references. The paper stresses the need for improvements in our understanding of the hydrological cycle and presents several conclusions on the ways to improve this understanding and future visualizations of the water balance of Earth.Key words water; water balance; water balance of Earth; water cycle; planetary water cycle; hydrological cycle; hydrotectonics; Earth; Solar System Bilan hydrologique de la TerreRésumé L'article présente une image compacte de la présence de l'eau sur Terre, incluant le développement temporel des ressources en eau de la planète, le bilan hydrologique actuel, et le futur de l'eau sur Terre. A travers l'examen de plusieurs références hydrologiques standards et de nouveaux développements concernant la quantification des ressources en eau de la planète Terre, plusieurs corrections sont proposées au bilan hydrologique de la Terre. Une attention particulière est attirée sur les zones d'eau libre continentales, qui sont selon les estimations courantes bien supérieures à ce qu'indiquent les références hydrologiques standards. L'article insiste sur les nécessaires améliorations de notre compréhension du cycle hydrologique, et présente plusieurs conclusions sur les démarches à suivre pour améliorer cette compréhension et sur de futures visualisations du bilan hydrologique de la Terre.

İkli̇m Deği̇şi̇kli̇ği̇, Türki̇ye Yeralti Ve Yüzeysel Su Kaynaklari

“…Yeryüzünün büyük bir çoğunluğu sularla kaplıdır. Bilim insanlarınca, dünyanın toplam su varlığını tahmin eden birçok çalışma yayımlanmıştır (Kotwicki, 2009;Shiklomanov, 2000). Bununla birlikte, bu çalışmalar varsayımlar ve tahminlere dayalı olduğundan belirsizlikler içermektedir.…”

Temporal and spatial variability of energy intensity for atmospheric water generators

“…Atmospheric water generators (AWGs) are devices that can produce potable water from the humidity naturally found in ambient air, offering a possible alternative freshwater source. Of the total volume of water found in the hydrosphere only 2.5% of it is freshwater, a significant portion of which is inaccessible due to being frozen or trapped in deep groundwater aquifers [3,4]. Of the accessible freshwater there is approximately 13 000 km 3 available in the atmosphere in the form of water vapor [3,4].…”

“…Of the total volume of water found in the hydrosphere only 2.5% of it is freshwater, a significant portion of which is inaccessible due to being frozen or trapped in deep groundwater aquifers [3,4]. Of the accessible freshwater there is approximately 13 000 km 3 available in the atmosphere in the form of water vapor [3,4]. AWGs are a critical technology that enables access to this supply of atmospheric water at locations that lack access to either surface or groundwater resources.…”

Reúso del agua de producción de hidrocarburos: reto y oportunidad

“…La versión estática del balance hídrico, se enfrenta actualmente a la disminución rápida de la disponibilidad de agua per cápita (Kotwicki, 2009) y desde el punto de vista cualitativo, cuanta más usemos (por aumento de la población mundial), menos calidad tendremos (porque la corrompemos al usarla). Esto nos hace responsables y debe solidarizarnos con los más de dos mil millones de personas que padecen su escasez (WWAP, 2019) agravada por los efectos del cambio climático (Rind, 1989;Arnell, 1999;IPCC, 2007).…”