Water Balance and Heat Flow of the Arctic Ocean

Vowinckel, E.; Orvig, Svenn

doi:10.14430/arctic3574

Cited by 28 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Hanzlick (1983) estimates the transport at 79 N to be 5.6 Sv, whereas Jonsson (1989) estimates this transport to be 3 ±1 Sv, with the possibility of further reduction due to recirculation further north. (Vowinckel and Orvig (1962)), and S=32.5 (Aagaard and Greisman (1975)). The transport estimates for the Canadian Archipelago typically range between 1 Sv (Timofeyev (1956), Collin (1963), Vowinckel and Orvig (1970)) and 2 Sv (Muench (1971)).…”

Section: Fig 48mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The transport estimates for the Canadian Archipelago typically range between 1 Sv (Timofeyev (1956), Collin (1963), Vowinckel and Orvig (1970)) and 2 Sv (Muench (1971)). An intermediate value of 1.5 Sv is used as the initial estimate, with 8=0 OC (Vowinckel and Orvig (1962)) and S=34.2 (Aagaard and Greisman (1975) boluses of warm water sometimes are found even on the western side. Stefansson (1962) estimates the inflow to the Iceland Sea to be 0.5 Sv, whereas the estimate of Kristmannson et.…”

Section: Fig 48mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A study of the large scale circulation and water mass formation in the Nordic seas and Arctic ocean

Mauritzen¹

1993

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Section: Fig 48mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fig 48mentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of the large scale circulation and water mass formation in the Nordic seas and Arctic ocean

Mauritzen¹

1993

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“…Vowinckel and Orvig 1962;Maykut and Church 1973). Figure 4 indicates that the principal difficulty in doing this is the strong dependence of the surface flux on the surface albedo.…”

Section: (A) Climate Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parametrization of the shortwave flux over high albedo surfaces as a function of cloud thickness and surface albedo

Shine

1984

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

132

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SUMMARYA simple method for the calculation of the net shortwave flux at the surface for overcast situations is presented. Explicit account is taken of the effect of cloud optical thickness and multiple reflections between the surface and cloud base. Using simple two-stream theory, a theoretical form for the flux is proposed, and then results from a detailed radiative transfer scheme are used to determine the values of a number of empirical coefficients. Over a range of cosines of the solar zenith angle from 0.1 to 0.7, of cloud optical thickness from 1.8 to 20 and of surface albedo from 0.0 to 0.9, the empirical equation reproduces results from the radiative transfer scheme to within 2.7%, and is shown to perform well outside the range of fit. The method was derived with high latitudes in mind but is applicable'generally. It is shown that the spectral properties of snow and ice surfaces play an important role in surface net flux prediction. For totally overcast skies the influence of cloud height and atmospheric water vapour content are shown to be minor. Finally, for clear skies, an empirical equation due to J. W. Zillman is investigated and by adjustments to his coefficients, is brought into good agreement with the detailed calculations described here. INTRODUC~IONThe accurate prediction of the shortwave flux at the surface in conditions of snow and ice cover is of considerable importance. The onset of surface melting or freezing is dictated by the surface energy balance and the state of the surface cover in turn feeds back on the energy balance through the albedo. At times of melt, the shortwave component of the energy balance dominates all other terms. Therefore any meteorological investigation, from microclimatological studies to the prediction of snow and ice cover in general circulation climate models, must correctly simulate this flux.There is an acknowledged need for relatively simple methods of flux calculation (see e.g. Maykut 1983) and many recent studies which consider high latitude processes (e.g. Andreas and Ackley 1982; Bennett 1982) adopt highly simplified parametrizations for shortwave flux determination, in situations where errors may be of great significance. The principal problem over high albedo surfaces is that multiple reflections between surface and cloud base contribute a substantial amount of downward radiation. 1982). This paper uses a relatively detailed radiative transfer scheme to derive an empirical equation (with a physically justifiable form) which allows the calculation of the net shortwave flux at the surface for cloudy conditions using the minimum number of input parameters (solar zenith angle, surface albedo and cloud optical thickness). The accuracy of the fit is consistent with the knowledge (or lack of) of input parameters but incorporates the important functional dependences.Finally, an equation for the shortwave flux in clear sky conditions is fitted to the fluxes from the detailed scheme; this equation along with the cloudy sky equation allows the calculation of surfac...

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“…This is at least an order of magnitude greater than previous transport estimates of this current. For example, Vowinckel and Orvig (1962) thought it probable that the mean transport was 3.4 to 3.7 sv, and Mosby (1962) estimated it as about 2 sv. Such estimates have usually been based on mass and heat budget calculations for the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas and have included the advective effects of the East Greenland Current in transporting Polar Water, and the West Spitsbergen Current in transporting Atlantic Water.…”

Section: Volume Transportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The East Greenland Current North of Denmark Strait: Part I

Aagaard¹,

Coachman²

1968

ARCTIC

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ABSTRACT. Current measurements within the East Greenland Current during winter 1965 showed that above the continental slope there were large on-shore components of flow, probably representing a westward Ekman transport. The speed did not decrease significantly with depth, indicating that the barotropic mode dominates the flow. Typical current speeds were 10 to 15 cm. sec.-l.The transport of the current during winter exceeds 35 x 106 m.3 sec-1. This is an order of magnitude greater than previous estimates and, although there may be seasonal fluctuations in the transport, it suggests that the East Greenland Current primarily represents a circulation internal to the Greenland and Norwegian seas, rather than outflow from the central Polar basin. RESUME. Le courant du Groenland oriental

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Water Balance and Heat Flow of the Arctic Ocean

Cited by 28 publications

References 7 publications

A study of the large scale circulation and water mass formation in the Nordic seas and Arctic ocean

A study of the large scale circulation and water mass formation in the Nordic seas and Arctic ocean

Parametrization of the shortwave flux over high albedo surfaces as a function of cloud thickness and surface albedo

The East Greenland Current North of Denmark Strait: Part I

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