Water and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and changes in BMI among Brazilian fourth graders after 1-year follow-up

Abstract

Objective: We examined whether drinking water per se is associated with drinking less of other beverages and whether changes in BMI are associated with the intake of water and other beverages. Design: Secondary analysis of a randomized trial of fourth graders followed over 1 year. Setting: Public schools in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Subjects: Participants were 1134 students aged 10-11 years. Results: At baseline, a higher frequency of water consumption was associated with a greater daily intake of fruit juice (P 5 0?02) and a higher daily frequency of milk (P 5 0?005). In the intervention group, the baseline frequency of water consumption was negatively associated with weight change over 1 year but without statistical significance (coefficient 5 20?08 kg/m 2 ; 95 % CI 20?37, 0?24 kg/m 2 ), whereas fruit juice intake frequency was positively associated with weight change: each increase in fruit juice intake of 1 glass/d was associated with a BMI increase of 0?16 (95 % CI 0?02, 0?30) kg/m 2 . Conclusions: Our findings do not support a protective effect of water consumption on BMI, but confirm consumption of juice drinks as a risk factor for BMI gain. Students who reported high water consumption also reported high intake of other beverages; therefore, the promotion of water consumption per se would not prevent excessive weight gain.

An exploration and comparison of food and drink availability in homes in a sample of families of White and Pakistani origin within the UK

“…Although evidence is not always clear, there is general support that consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages contributes significantly to obesity (19,26,27) . Data from randomised controlled trials support this work, with interventions targeting a reduction in sugar-sweetened beverages showing significant reductions in BMI compared with control groups (28,29) . Further, previous work indicates that this may also be linked to a greater odds of families consuming fast foods as part of their weekly family meals (30) .…”

Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Weight Gain in Children and Adults: A Systematic Review from 2013 to 2015 and a Comparison with Previous Studies

“…The mean age was 9 years, the study duration was on average 1 year, and body weight outcome variables were measured in all studies. The interventions consisted of two nutritional education programs at school (n = 2) [46,47] and one healthy lifestyle education program [48]. The two school-based studies included a control group in the study design [46,47] (table 3).…”

“…To assess SSB intake, two trials used dietary records, and one used FFQs as dietary assessment methods. Two out of these three trials adjusted for physical activity [46,48], but no study adjusted for dietary energy intake. Two studies used BMI as the obesity measure [46,47], and one study used BMI Z-score [48].…”

“…Two out of these three trials adjusted for physical activity [46,48], but no study adjusted for dietary energy intake. Two studies used BMI as the obesity measure [46,47], and one study used BMI Z-score [48]. The study of Zheng et al [48] is a secondary analysis of an RCT, analyzed as a cohort, including a healthy lifestyle education and demonstrated that every 100 g/day increase in SBB intake was associated with a 100 g and 0.06 U increases in body weight (p = 0.048) and BMI Z-score (p = 0.04), respectively.…”

Food Intake and Overweight in School-Aged Children in Germany: Results of the GINIplus and LISAplus Studies

“…Water intake was excluded as its consumption does not yield energy. However, we used water intake as an additional adjustment variable when assessing the association between beverage intake and the outcomes, as beverage intake is reported to be associated with water intake [27]. Information on the intake of sweeteners, salts, spices, soups, sauces and foodstuffs intended for particular nutritional uses were not available in the current study.…”