Water and Sewerage Charges in Scotland

Abstract

The paper outlines the statutory arrangements governing water and sewerage charges in Scotland, and comments on the factors affecting the levels of charges. Trends in revenue expenditure over the period 1989–90 to 1992–93 are considered in relation to increases in personal community water charge levels, metered water rates, and costs per household. Non‐domestic sewerage rates and industrial effluent charges are also discussed. Some comparisons are made with England and Wales and with other countries. The funding arrangements for capital expenditure and their effect on the levels of charges are described, with particular reference to debt levels and rising expenditure to meet UK and EC standards. Factors affecting future charge levels are also identified.

Synergistic effect of pulsed corona discharges and ozonation on decolourization of methylene blue in water

“…It is mandatory to develop efficient and cheap processes for converting aqueous pollutants into harmless products. A number of alternate advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as direct ozonation [1], UV radiation [2], radiation by electron beam or γ -rays [3], electrical discharges [4,5], or combination of these processes, are being studied for oxidation of aqueous organic pollutants. Pulsed corona discharge is one of the most promising electrical discharge processes for water purification, because it produces several strong oxidizing agents [4,5], which, in turn, can decompose a range of organic pollutants in water.…”