Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues

Richardson, Susan D.; Manasfi, Tarek

doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01423

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 263 publications

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“…Usually, anthropogenic pollutants present in surface waters could react with disinfectants to form DBPs during the drinking water treatment process. − Epidemiological studies report a statistically significant correlation between human exposure to DBPs and several adverse effects on human health. Long-term exposures to DBPs can increase the incidence of bladder cancer and miscarriages in many countries. − Most antioxidants contain at least one secondary amine group, which can potentially serve as a nitrogen source for the formation of nitrogenous DBPs during disinfection, contributing to the chemical risk of drinking water .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Widespread Antioxidants during Storm Events Could Serve as Precursors of Regulated, Priority, and New Disinfection Byproducts

Yang,

Fang,

Hong

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Widely used antioxidants can enter the environment via urban stormwater systems and form disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination in downstream drinking water processes. Herein, we comprehensively investigated the occurrence of 39 antioxidants from stormwater runoff to surface water. After a storm event, the concentrations of the antioxidants in surface water increased by 1.4-fold from 102−110 ng/L to 128−139 ng/L. Widespread antioxidants during the stormwater event could transform into toxic DBPs during disinfection. Moreover, the yields of trihalomethanes, haloacetaldehydes, haloacetonitriles (HANs), and halonitromethanes during the chlorination of widely used antioxidants considerably increased with an increasing chlorine dose and contact time. Specifically, the yields of dichloroacetonitrile during the chlorination of diphenylamine (DPA) and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) were higher than those of most reported amino acid precursors, indicating that DPA and 6PPD might be important precursors of HANs. Exploring the intermediates using GC × GC-time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry helped reveal potential pathways from DPA to HANs, whose formation could be attributed to the intermediate carbazole and indole moieties detected in this study. This study provides insights into the transport and transformation of commonly used antioxidants in a water environment and during water treatment processes, highlighting the potential risks of anthropogenic pollutants from a DBP perspective.

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