Water Accounting Using Satellite Products and Water Accounting Plus Framework in a Semi-Arid Betwa River Basin, India

Abstract

The emerging water crisis in India can be preempted by improving watershed management. The data scare regions need open access satellite observations to mitigate watershed problems. The water accounting plus (WA+) and open access earth observation datasets were applied to quantify the beneficial and non-beneficial water consumption in the Betwa River basin, Central India. The PERSIANN and CHIRPS precipitations were evaluated. Based on significant statistical relations with IMD rainfall, CHIRPS was found to be the best precipitation product. The seasonal water yield from PERSIANN depicts that the high water yield in the basin is associated with the July and August months of the monsoon season, with water yields of 240 mm/month and 120 mm/month, respectively, while CHIRPS showed higher water yields during the monsoon season, especially in July and August, with water yield amounts of 290 mm/month and 200 mm/month, respectively. The largest water consuming land use class is irrigated crops–cereals, which cover 62.06% of the total area of the basin. The amount of non-beneficial ET is almost twice the beneficial ET. The outcomes of this research will be helpful for sustainable water management, strategy development, and policy making.

Evaluation of Surface Water Quality through CCME-WQI and Multivariate Statistical Techniques

“…Depending on the Temperature parameter, which was only measured between , Cluster I comprise years 2014, 2015, 2016; cluster II involves 2018. Nutrient pollution was higher in 2018 since higher nutrient loading results from heavy precipitation (Singh et al, 2022). The main parameter influencing the clustering is the temperature since 2018 was 18.8 deg C, at least 6 deg C lower than the other clustered years.…”

“…The Betwa River is rich in material that settles in the riverbed due to severe bank erosion, while runoff from agricultural land is responsible for higher concentrations of organic materials, pesticides, and fertilizers (Gaurav Singh and Singh, 2022;Jaiswal et al, 2019). Cluster analysis was used to organize monitoring stations based on their resemblance to the parameters described by the recovered varimax factors; considering each sampling point, a hierarchical analysis was made, and the dendrograms in Figure 7 were revealed.…”

“…8a). Precipitation between 2014 and 2015 was 250 mm/month; however, there was a steep increase to 400 mm/month on average during 2016(Singh et al, 2022. Due to the increased precipitation, more organic matter is attached to the suspended solids released due to erosion and reaches the surface water (Mallin et al, 2009).…”

Evaluation of Surface Water Quality in the Betwa River Basin through the Water Quality Index Model and Multivariate Statistical Techniques

“…8a). Precipitation between 2014 and 2015 was 250 mm/month; however, there was a steep increase to 400 mm/month on average during 2016, 2017, and 2018 (Singh et al, 2022). Due to the increased precipitation, more organic matter is attached to the suspended solids released due to erosion and reaches the surface water (Mallin et al, 2009).…”