Wastewater Treatment Plant Synthesis and Design

Abstract

The most used process for biological nitrogen removal from municipal and industrial wastewaters is the activated sludge process. Because of the importance of this process, as well as the large number of existing facilities, a lot of research effort has been focused on optimizing the operation strategies or improving the individual plant design. However, the systematic optimization of the process structure (process synthesis) and operation conditions based on rigorous process models has not been presented in the literature. The objective of this work is to address the simultaneous optimization of the process configuration and equipment dimensionsi.e., process synthesis and designand the operation conditions of activated sludge wastewater treatment plants for nitrogen removal based on a superstructure model. The model embeds up to five reactors and a secondary settler, and allows flow distribution of the main process streams, i.e., nitrate and sludge recycle streams and fresh feed, along the reaction zone. The objective function is to minimize the net present value formed by investment and operating costs, while verifying compliance with the effluent permitted limits. The investment cost computes the reaction tanks, aeration systems, secondary settler, influent pumping station, and sludge pump costs. The operation cost computes the cost for pumping, aeration, dosage of an external carbon source, excess sludge treatment for disposal, and fines according to pollution units discharged. Influent wastewater flowrate and composition are assumed to be known. The activated sludge model no. 3 and the Takács model are selected to describe the biochemical processes and the secondary settler, respectively. This results in a highly nonlinear system with nonsmooth functions. Because of the problem complexity, in this first approach, a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem (specifically a nonlinear programming with discontinuous derivatives (DNLP) problem) is proposed and solved to obtain some insights for future models. It was implemented and solved using general algebraic modeling system (GAMS). Results for case studies are presented and discussed.

Optimal design and operation of activated sludge processes: State-of-the-art

“…the influent characteristics, is required. Indeed, the computed optimal solution closely depends on the assumed wastewater flow rate and composition [28,34,38,39], as well as on the temporal variations of these characteristics [40], since they constitute the main source of disturbances of the ASP operation. While daily/weekly/seasonally variations of the wastewater characteristics due to human activity (the result of households' life-cycles and/or industrial activities) are quasi-periodic and can be reasonably estimated over the short and middle term, weather-related perturbations such as precipitation are unpredictable.…”

“…However, some studies [6,28,51] reported that, starting from different sets of initial conditions, their local-deterministic algorithm returned the same solution, whence the possibility that it might correspond to a global optimum. On the other hand, numerous studies adopting a multi-start procedure reported that the achieved results corresponded to a large number of local solutions [8,12,38,39,52,53].…”

“…Some authors have also accounted for some equipment costs [19,28,[34][35][36]38,39,41] and for the maintenance of the constructions and equipment [28,29,35,36]. El-Shorbagy and coworkers [28] have also considered the salaries of the staff maintaining and operating the WWTP.…”

“…Optimal number of reactors in a superstructure. To determine the optimal number of reactors in a superstructure while avoiding the use of integer DVs, Alasino and coworkers [38,39] treated the reactors volumes as continuous DVs: if the optimal volume of a reactor is almost nil, this means that the reactor in question can be deleted from the optimal design.…”

“…: these two formula are the most commonly used in literature). Stare and coworkers [68] and Alasino and coworkers [38,39] expressed the aerator power consumption as a quadratic function of (k L a  V L ): such a formulation combines the merits of both expressions used in [45,46].…”