Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladesh: Opportunities and challenges

Haque, Rehnuma; Moe, Christine L.; Raj, Suraja J.; Ong, Li; Charles, Katrina; Ross, Allen G.; Shirin, Tahmina; Raqib, Rubhana; Sarker, Protim; Rahman, Mahbubur; Amin, Nuhu; Mahmud, Zahid Hayat; Johnston, Dara; Akter, Nargis; Khan, Taqsem A.; Hossain, Md. Alamgir; Hasan, Rashidul; Islam, Tahmidul; Bhattacharya, Prosun

doi:10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100334

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Notably, a wastewater treatment plant servicing approximately 20% of Dhaka’s population (approximately 5 million people) with a treatment capacity of 120,000 m 3 of wastewater per day − discharges between sampling sites B2 and B3 on the Buriganga River. The Buriganga River flow rate has been reported to be between 20 and 200 m 3 /s during the dry season, and the wastewater effluent discharges at an average flow rate of 0.35 m 3 /s (Taqsem A. Khan, Managing Director of Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority, personal communication), giving an effluent dilution factor varying from 60 to 570.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nontarget Analysis of Polluted Surface Waters in Bangladesh Using Open Science Workflows

Bonnefille

Karlsson

Rian

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Nontarget mass spectrometry has great potential to reveal patterns of water contamination globally through community science, but few studies are conducted in low-income countries, nor with open-source workflows, and few datasets are FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable). Water was collected from urban and rural rivers around Dhaka, Bangladesh, and analyzed by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry in four ionization modes (electrospray ionization ±, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ±) with data-independent MS2 acquisition. The acquisition strategy was complementary: 19,427 and 7365 features were unique to ESI and APCI, respectively. The complexity of water pollution was revealed by >26,000 unique molecular features resolved by MS-DIAL, among which >20,000 correlated with urban sources in Dhaka. A major wastewater treatment plant was not a dominant pollution source, consistent with major contributions from uncontrolled urban drainage, a result that encourages development of further wastewater infrastructures. Matching of deconvoluted MS2 spectra to public libraries resulted in 62 confident annotations (i.e., Level 1-2a) and allowed semiquantification of 42 analytes including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and personal care products. In silico structure prediction for the top 100 unknown molecular features associated with an urban source allowed 15 additional chemicals of anthropogenic origin to be annotated (i.e., Level 3). The authentic MS2 spectra were uploaded to MassBank Europe, mass spectral data were openly shared on the MassIVE repository, a tool (i.e., MASST) that could be used for community science environmental surveillance was demonstrated, and current limitations were discussed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nontarget Analysis of Polluted Surface Waters in Bangladesh Using Open Science Workflows

Bonnefille

Karlsson

Rian

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…This feasibility study identified a unique set of challenges in the implementation of WBE in Central India which mirrors those observed in other LMIC settings such as Bangladesh [ 4 ]. These include establishing a sampling plan and schedule that is representative of the different urban and rural catchment populations, underdeveloped sewage systems in rural areas necessitating onsite sanitation epidemiology/sampling; development and validation of standardized protocols for lab analysis; complex collaborative efforts from government agencies, public health units and academia and resource limitations (e.g., autosamplers not suitable for large rapid monitoring where passive sampling techniques are more easily implemented) [ 39 ]. Supply chain issues for essential goods such as PPE and PCR diagnostic reagents, and logistical constraints such as inaccessibility and poor transport systems made it difficult to reach rural communities in remote areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population infection estimation from wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in Nagpur, India during the second pandemic wave

Acheampong,

Husain,

Dudani

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has emerged as an effective environmental surveillance tool for predicting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease outbreaks in high-income countries (HICs) with centralized sewage infrastructure. However, few studies have applied WBE alongside epidemic disease modelling to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in low-resource settings. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of collecting untreated wastewater samples from rural and urban catchment areas of Nagpur district, to detect and quantify SARS-CoV-2 using real-time qPCR, to compare geographic differences in viral loads, and to integrate the wastewater data into a modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Confirmed Positives-Recovered (SEIPR) model. Of the 983 wastewater samples analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, we detected significantly higher sample positivity rates, 43.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 40.1, 47.4) and 30.4% (95% CI 24.66, 36.66), and higher viral loads for the urban compared with rural samples, respectively. The Basic reproductive number, R0, positively correlated with population density and negatively correlated with humidity, a proxy for rainfall and dilution of waste in the sewers. The SEIPR model estimated the rate of unreported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases at the start of the wave as 13.97 [95% CI (10.17, 17.0)] times that of confirmed cases, representing a material difference in cases and healthcare resource burden. Wastewater surveillance might prove to be a more reliable way to prepare for surges in COVID-19 cases during future waves for authorities.

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“…However, the approach taken to resolve the sanitation issues are playing a major role in shaping the outcomes. The strong political will and partnership with donor agencies like WHO, UNICEF, World Bank, national and local level NGOs have made Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka open defecation free (Giribabu et al 2019 ; Lindamood et al 2021 ; Haque et al 2022 ). National level programs like Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) in Bhutan and Nepal, National Sanitation Program in Bangladesh, Clean Indian Mission in India have increased access to safely managed sanitation (WaterAid 2019 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Situational assessment for fecal sludge management in major cities of Pakistan

Maqbool

Shahid

Khan

2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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With enhanced focus on global sanitation, access to toilets at the household level is increasing in developing countries although the provision of sewer networks is not expanding at the same pace. This is resulting in the adaptation of on-site sanitation facilities to contain the fecal sludge. The fecal sludge generated by the on-site sanitation facilities requires emptying, treatment, and safe end-use or disposal. In this study, the sanitation situation and need for fecal sludge management was evaluated in major cities of Pakistan including Karachi (provincial capital), Lahore (provincial capital), and Islamabad (national capital). Primary and secondary data were collected from key informant interviews of the stakeholders, national and international reports, research, and review articles. Infographics on wastewater and fecal sludge from origin to disposal were developed using a shit flow diagram tool and enabling environment was evaluated with a modified service delivery assessment tool. The results indicate that sewerage network coverage exists for 60%, 63%, and 50% of the areas in Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad respectively. The sewerage network in major cities is old, leaking, and insufficient, thus a limited amount of wastewater reaches the treatment plants. Total wastewater treatment in Karachi and Islamabad is 10% and 9% respectively whereas, in Lahore, there is no infrastructure for the same. The safe sanitation in Lahore (8%) and Islamabad (25%) is coming from on-site sanitation systems with fecal sludge buried safely onsite. National level sanitation programs exist in the country but are limited to reducing open defecation and containments of fecal sludge only. The inclusion of complete fecal sludge management related framework, guidelines, and policies can help achieve the goal of safe sanitation for all.

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Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladesh: Opportunities and challenges

Cited by 12 publications

References 34 publications

Nontarget Analysis of Polluted Surface Waters in Bangladesh Using Open Science Workflows

Nontarget Analysis of Polluted Surface Waters in Bangladesh Using Open Science Workflows

Population infection estimation from wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in Nagpur, India during the second pandemic wave

Situational assessment for fecal sludge management in major cities of Pakistan

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