Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation — Practices, Safe Reuse and Perspectives

Navarro, Inés; Carrillo-Chávez, Alejandro; Barrios, José Manuel Vaquero; Maya, C.; Becerril, E.; Lucario, S.; Jiménez, Blanca

doi:10.5772/59361

Cited by 23 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Soil is a primary exposed environmental compartment within RWAI and, whilst exposure after sludge application is considered within regulatory chemical risk assessment, the use of RWAI is not. Data recorded over many years of RWAI practice in the Tula Valley (Mexico) show a mean retention of 86% of chemical contaminants in soil (Navarro et al, 2015) and Carter et al (2019) Finally, the EC methodology to derive EQS supports the conversion of QSs developed for biota in the aquatic food web into equivalent aquatic concentrations in order to allow monitoring in water only. For the conversion of a terrestrial biota standard into a soil concentration, a similar calculation can be made using the relevant biota-to-soil-accumulation-factor (BSAF, usually for earthworms) and biomagnification factors from preys to predators (usually from earthworm to small terrestrial birds or mammals) as suggested by Verbruggen (2014).…”

Section: Prioritisation and Qs Derivation Methodology: Data On Terresmentioning

confidence: 88%

Recommendations to derive quality standards for chemical pollutants in reclaimed water intended for reuse in agricultural irrigation

2020

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Section: Prioritisation and Qs Derivation Methodology: Data On Terresmentioning

confidence: 88%

Recommendations to derive quality standards for chemical pollutants in reclaimed water intended for reuse in agricultural irrigation

2020

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“…An important dimension of this discussion is the agreement of what represents an acceptable risk; in many areas globally (notably including Spain, Italy and Greece), TWW is widely reused in agriculture [3]; therefore, it may be deemed that current levels of reuse within the Netherlands are acceptable within this context. Moreover, risk is dependent on irrigation practices and crop types, with drip and sub-surface irrigation systems reducing the chances of the contamination of produce [39]. The adoption of these irrigation practices and further treatment at WWTPs could represent mitigation strategies if the level of risk is deemed unacceptable.…”

Section: Practical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Following the Water: Characterising de facto Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture in the Netherlands

2019

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De facto (or indirect) wastewater reuse is the practice of extracting from surface water bodies which are impacted by treated wastewater (TWW) for anthropogenic use. The extent to which surface water bodies in the Netherlands are impacted by TWW is poorly understood, and the distribution of de facto reuse even more so. This study addresses these knowledge gaps, with a focus on reuse for agricultural irrigation. This is achieved via a novel application of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) Explorer water quality model, allowing for the distribution of different flow components-namely TWW and flow from transboundary rivers-to be discerned for the national surface water network. When paired with data on surface water extractions for irrigation, this identifies notable areas of de facto reuse. Results show that during dry conditions, TWW is a significant flow component in many surface water bodies, particularly in smaller streams located close to WWTPs. De facto reuse is indicated as widespread, with several key areas identified in which extractions are from impacted surface water bodies. This study represents a first attempt to directly link TWW emissions to agricultural irrigation, highlighting a mechanism by which wastewater-associated contaminants can propagate through the hydrological system.

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“…Source: Refs. [6,[45][46][47]. In general, the standard values have been set to protect human health, allowing sludge application at sites where human contact may occur [48].…”

Section: Human Helminthiasis 44mentioning

confidence: 99%

Helminths and their Role in Environmental Engineering

Jiménez¹,

Maya²,

Barrios³

et al. 2017

Human Helminthiasis

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Helminth eggs represent an important challenge to environmental engineers as they are among the most difficult biological parasites to inactivate in wastewater and sludge. Even though no official data on helminthiasis exist, it is estimated that more than 2.6 billion people are affected. These parasites are of concern in developing countries, particularly in those areas where the reuse of wastewater and sludge for agriculture is common. With regard to this, the unrestricted use of wastewater for irrigation presents a serious health risk due to the dissemination of pathogens, particularly helminth eggs. Helminth eggs survive in water, soil, and crops for several months and over much longer periods than other microorganisms. Therefore, and in order to minimize risk, several guidelines and regulations exist which limit their content in wastewater and sludge. Risk assessment estimates that such regulations may be less strict in developing countries where higher concentrations of helminth eggs occur in wastewater and sludge. These eggs need to be removed from wastewater and inactivated in sludge using certain treatment processes, some of which are not feasible in developing countries. Adequate methods are needed to precisely identify and quantify helminth eggs in environmental samples. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach is needed to address helminthiasis in environmental engineering issues.

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Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation — Practices, Safe Reuse and Perspectives

Cited by 23 publications

References 42 publications

Recommendations to derive quality standards for chemical pollutants in reclaimed water intended for reuse in agricultural irrigation

Recommendations to derive quality standards for chemical pollutants in reclaimed water intended for reuse in agricultural irrigation

Following the Water: Characterising de facto Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture in the Netherlands

Helminths and their Role in Environmental Engineering

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