Wastewater management through the ages: A history of mankind

Lofrano, Giusy; Brown, Jeanette

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.062

Cited by 227 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…4). advanced treatment is becoming more common (Lofrano & Brown, 2010). Table I) and if treated water come up from the STPs is meeting the KEPA limits then it will be transport through water tankers / pipe to various locations within the Company for use in horticulture.…”

Section: B Management Of Wastewater Treatment and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management, Treatment and Disposal of Wastewater (Sewage) Plan at Kuwait Oil Company (KOC)

Yousef¹,

Al-Mutairy²,

Haitham³

2015

IJESD

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Abstract-This paper presented and discussed the management, treatment and disposal of wastewater plan (sewage) at KOC to maintain the Kuwaiti Environment Eco-System clean and healthy.The treated wastewater has been suggested for KOC irrigation, landscaping purposes and conserving the freshwater.We comply with KEPA develops the methodologies, standards and KOC procedure for management of wastewater discharge.The sewage treated in three sewage treatment plants (STP) within KOC operational areas. Each plant having a capacity of 300 m 3 /day.In this study, the physical, chemical and biological characteristic of the wastewater samples were studied and continuously analyses before feeding to the plant and after the treatment.The benefits and values of wastewater treatment at KOC shows as following:Reduce pollution due to transportation Reduce Economic Expenses Reduce the fuel usage Reduce the demand of freshwater for irrigation in KOC etc. Reduce the greenhouse gas emission.

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Section: B Management Of Wastewater Treatment and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management, Treatment and Disposal of Wastewater (Sewage) Plan at Kuwait Oil Company (KOC)

Yousef¹,

Al-Mutairy²,

Haitham³

2015

IJESD

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“…The toilets used beds of sand to catch/contain the wastes. Servants cleaned the sand regularly [32].…”

Section: Ancient Egyptians (Ca 2000-500 Bc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the Christian prisoners that escaped from the city, while narrating his escape mentioned that he started running through a narrow street and then made his way into a sewer and reached the seashore where he was dumped into a dung heap [107] (pp. [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. Most probably the main city sewer discharged waste water into the sea and partially onto the seashore, where the prisoner happened to fall.…”

Section: Medieval Islamic Towns: the Case Of Al-andalus (Spain)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even if the first attempts to treat Parisian wastewater started in the last 18th century [91], it is only at the end of the 19th century that wastewater valorization begun with the first "sewage farm" in Achere [116]. But, it's only in the 1930s that Paris agglomeration will get its first wastewater treatment plants [32].…”

Section: From Mid-14th Century To 1900mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1899 an investigation is done in Italy, and it shown that almost all major cities were connected to a sewer system [32]. But, only the sewers of the cities of Milan, Turin and Udine were considered as efficient.…”

Section: From Mid-14th Century To 1900mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Historical Development of Sewers Worldwide

et al. 2014

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Abstract:Although there is evidence of surface-based storm drainage systems in early Babylonian and Mesopotamian Empires in Iraq (ca. 4000-2500 BC), it is not until after ca. 3000 BC that we find evidence of the well organized and operated sewer and drainage systems of the Minoans and Harappans in Crete and the Indus valley, respectively. The Minoans and Indus valley civilizations originally, and the Hellenes and Romans thereafter, are considered pioneers in developing basic sewerage and drainage technologies, with OPEN ACCESS Sustainability 2014, 6 3937 emphasis on sanitation in the urban environment. The Hellenes and Romans further developed these techniques and greatly increased the scale of these systems. Although other ancient civilizations also contributed, notably some of the Chinese dynasties, very little progress was made during the Dark ages from ca. 300 AD through to the middle of the 18th century. It was only from 1850 onwards that that modern sewerage was "reborn", but many of the principles grasped by the ancients are still in use today. This paper traces the development of the sewer from those earliest of civilizations through to the present day and beyond. A 6000 year technological history is a powerful validation of the vital contribution of sewers to human history.

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