Wastewater-Based Epidemiology and Whole-Genome Sequencing for Community-Level Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Selected Urban Communities of Davao City, Philippines: A Pilot Study

Abstract

Background: Over 50 countries have used Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for SARS-CoV-2 for monitoring COVID-19 cases. COVID-19 surveillance in the Philippines relies on clinical monitoring and contact tracing, with both having limited use in early detection or prediction of community outbreaks. Complementary public health surveillance methods that can provide community-level infection data faster and using lesser resources must be explored. Objectives: This study piloted and assessed WBE and WGS as approaches for COVID-19 surveillance in low-resource and low-sanitation communities in Davao City, Philippines. Methods: Weekly wastewater samples were collected from six barangay community sewer pipes or creeks from November to December 2020. Samples were concentrated using a PEG-NaCl precipitation method and analyzed by RT-PCR to detect the SARS-CoV-2 N, RdRP, and E genes. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 RNA-positive samples were subjected to WGS for genomic mutation surveillance. Public data from clinical surveillance were also reviewed to interpret WBE data. Results: Twenty-two of the 24 samples (91.7%) obtained from the six barangays tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The cycle threshold (Ct) values were correlated with RNA concentration and attack rate. Thirty-two SARS-CoV-2 mutations were detected in WGS, including novel non-synonymous mutations or indels in seven SARS-CoV-2 genes and ten mutations previously reported in the Philippines. Discussion: SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in community wastewater from the six barangays of Davao City, even when the barangays were classified as having a low risk of COVID-19 transmission and no new cases were reported. Despite the fragmented genome sequences analyzed, our genomic surveillance in wastewater confirmed the presence of previously reported mutations while identifying mutations not yet registered in clinical surveillance. The local context of a community must be considered when planning to adopt WBE and WGS as complementary COVID-19 surveillance methodologies, especially in low-sanitation and low-resource settings. Keywords: COVID-19, Philippines, SARS-CoV-2, Wastewater-Based Epidemiology, Whole Genome Sequencing.

Tracing COVID-19 Trails in Wastewater: A Systematic Review of SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance with Viral Variants

“…The majority of the WWS studies (66/80, 82.5%) included in this review were conducted in resource-rich countries in Europe and North America (Figure 3). Out of the total of 80 studies, 38 (47.5%) were in Europe [4,9,18,23,28,, 28 (35.0%) in North America (20 studies in the US [11,[84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101], and 8 studies in Canada [102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109]), 10 studies (12.5%) in Asia [110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117], 2 studies in South America [118,119], and 1 study each were conducted in Africa [120] and Australia [121] (Table S1).…”

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses: Bibliometric Tracking of the Last Decade and Emerging Research Directions

“…Our analysis underlines the significance of this research area, with a total of 50 keyword occurrences. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has been used to detect VOCs in wastewaters in different parts of the world [43][44][45]. Wastewater sequencing can inform researchers about the emergence of a new variant in a region before the strain is detected by sequencing the clinical samples in the same region.…”