Waste Stabilization Ponds in France: An Overall Review

Boutin, Pierre; Vachon, A.; Racault, Y.

doi:10.2166/wst.1987.0122

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Free water surface flow wetlands: The use of free water surface flow wetlands for wastewater treatment has developed very slowly in Europe since the ditch system at the Ijsselmeerpolders in Holland was constructed 25 years ago . In France, attempts were made to improve the performance of waste stabilization ponds by planting cattails (Typha latifolia) in successive ponds but with little success (Boutin et al, 1987). Recently, a 22 ha free water surface flow wetland has been constructed in Sweden to reduce nitrogen in effluent from a 6 500 PE wastewater treatment plant before it is discharged into the Baltic Sea (Wittgren, H.B., personal communication 1994).…”

Section: Present Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of constructed wetlands in water pollution control: historical development, present status, and future perspectives

Brix

1994

Water Science and Technology

253

122

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During the last two decades the multiple functions and values of wetlands have been recognized not only by the scientists and managers working with wetlands, but also by the public. The ability of wetlands to transform and store organic matter has been exploited in constructed wetlands. This paper summarizes the state-of-the-art of the uses of constructed wetlands in water pollution control by reviewing the basics of the technology, the historical development, and the performance expectations with focus on the use of free water surface and subsurface flow constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment. Performance data from a total of 104 subsurface flow systems and 70 free water surface flow systems are reviewed. The present state of knowledge is sufficient to apply constructed wetlands as a tool for improving water quality. The potential applications range from secondary treatment of municipal and various types of industrial wastewaters to polishing of tertiary treated waters and diffuse pollution. In many situations constructed wetlands is the only appropriate technology available. The treatment capacity of subsurface flow systems can be improved by selecting vertical flow systems with intermittent loading, by proper media selection, and by recycling of the wastewater. Further research is needed to help define and optimize engineering design criteria and the long-term performance capabilities and operational problems.

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Section: Present Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of constructed wetlands in water pollution control: historical development, present status, and future perspectives

Brix

1994

Water Science and Technology

253

122

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“…Waste stabilization ponds are becoming popular for treating wastewater in tropical and subtropical regions because of the abundant sunlight and high ambient temperatures. In Europe waste stabilization ponds are very widely used for small communities (Boutin et al, 1987;Bucksteeg, 1987). In the United States one third of all wastewater treatment plants that usually serve populations up to 5000 are waste stabilization ponds (EPA, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Of The Akosombo Waste Stabilization Ponds In Ghana

Hodgson¹

2008

Ghana Journal of Science

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A study was conducted to determine the treatment performance of the Akosombo waste stabilization ponds and the effect of seasonal changes on the final effluent quality. The waste water quality parameters adopted to determine the treatment performance were suspended solids (SS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, faecal coliform and trace metals. The ponds achieve SS, BOD and COD removals of about 84, 77 and 71 per cent, respectively. The ammonia removal was as high as 93 per cent whilst the faecal coliform removal was 99.99 per cent. The trace metal levels (Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr) of the final effluent were all low and insignificant (below the detection limit of < 0.01 mg l -1 ). The study revealed that the seasonal changes influenced the quality of the final effluent. The final effluents in the rainy season were less polluted than those of the dry season which may be due to the dilution of the effluent by rain water. The study showed that the quality of the final effluent would not have any adverse effect on the lower Volta river that it is discharged into. The large volume of water available in the lower Volta river is adequate to dilute the final effluent entering it from Akosombo waste stabilization ponds. The mosquito nuisance usually associated with pond systems was absent because of the high fish proliferation in the ponds. A statistical model developed to predict the BOD of the raw sewage was significant at both confidence intervals of 95 and 99 per cent Under Ghanaian conditions, the waste stabilization ponds system has been found to be more reliable than the other conventional systems, i.e., activated sludge and trickling filter system. The trend now is to adopt the waste stabilization ponds system as an appropriate sewage treatment system in areas where land is available in the country.

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“…An industrial solution was therefore readily available: end the rolling schedule at a gauge 10% higher than required, introduce an annealing corresponding to the early stage of recrystallization, reroll by 10% and finally anneal as usual to develop a fully recrystallized texture. [6] An industrial trial was immediately performed using one of the rolling mills at the Froges plant near Grenoble on a 1 ton coil. The result was spectacular: no one had seen such a high amount of cubic texture on an industrial foil, almost 100%, and the capacity after etching was more than expected: a full success!…”

Section: A Matter Of Chancementioning

confidence: 99%

Industrial Development of Cubic Texture in High‐Purity Aluminium: Discussion of the Research and Development Method

Boutin¹

2010

Adv Eng Mater

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A research project is generally a scientific or technical problem that has never been solved. Like all problems, research projects are puzzling: is there a solution, how to find the solution should there be one, which strategy should be used? To help researchers and managers, a method was developed [1] that was based on a general approach to problem solving: ''A guide for those who have a problem and want to address it'', a roadmap for all types of problems, industrial and personal.A research project can be viewed as a puzzle, each piece being an aspect of the problem to be solved: the actors and the decision maker(s), the problem or the situation that creates the problem, what is unsatisfactory, the risks to be avoided if a deviation is possible, the needs or requirements to be fulfilled, the causes, the origins of the problem and the constraints, for example, timing, budget, and equipment.A research project should be documented following the steps indicated in Figure 1 to determine what the research should change if successful, the values it should create, and the methodology: the methods and strategy to be used to reach the goal. This paper covers an example of this approach used in the field of research and development (R&D). The problem I was asked to solve in 1968 by M. Wintemberger, head of the Division of Basic Research at Pechiney was: is it possible to produce 100% of cubic texture in high-purity aluminium foils at 0.1 mm gauge?The cubic texture, also called block texture or [100] (100) texture can be characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) pole figures, as indicated in Figure 2. Corrosion figures can also be used for microscopic observation of grains showing different orientations. The ''cubic texture'' corresponds to grains showing a cube sitting on the rolling plane with its [100] direction parallel to the rolling direction. In Figure 2, RD is the rolling direction and TD is the transverse direction. Optical microscopy under polarized light and macrographic chemical attack can also be used to observe the cubic texture in aluminium foils as shown in Figure 5 and 6.Pechiney was a producer of high-purity aluminium and also, through its subsidiaries CEGEDUR and SATMA, a producer of foils used in the capacitor market. A large number of appliances such as our washing machines and dryers use AC-induction single-phase motors. To start such a motor, one of the technologies uses a second stator winding fed through a capacitor to displace one of the two rotating electromagnetic fields. High-capacity, high-tension capacitors are made as shown in Figure 3 by wrapping an COMMUNICATION Fig. 1. A research project can be viewed as a puzzle; each piece is an aspect of the problem to be solved and the research project itself the solution to the problem. for discussing and reviewing this paper.The development of cubic texture in high purity aluminium in the seventies is used to demonstrate that reducing the overall duration of experimentation makes research more successful. 1060 wileyonlinelibrary.com ß

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Waste Stabilization Ponds in France: An Overall Review

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Use of constructed wetlands in water pollution control: historical development, present status, and future perspectives

Use of constructed wetlands in water pollution control: historical development, present status, and future perspectives

Performance Of The Akosombo Waste Stabilization Ponds In Ghana

Industrial Development of Cubic Texture in High‐Purity Aluminium: Discussion of the Research and Development Method

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