Waste on the roadside, ‘poi-sute’ waste: Its distribution and elution potential of pollutants into environment

Moriwaki, Hiroshi; Kitajima, Shiori; Katahira, Kentaro

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.08.017

Cited by 118 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This may be a case of public health concern as accumulation of arsenic, nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and a plethora of other toxicants from smoked cigarette tobacco, (un)smoked cigarette filters may overwhelm the liver. This concern is in consonance with the report of Moriwaki et al (27) that smoked cigarette tobacco and (un)smoked cigarette filters litter waste bins, dumpsites and roadsides through which are released into the environment. Increased AST, ALT, bilirubin and total protein following administration of the extract suggest that though the extract improved protein synthesis by the liver, the rate of break-down of the proteins was also increased leading to elevated levels of bilirubin.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Smoked cigarette tobacco, (un)smoked cigarette filters litter waste bins, dumpsites and roadsides through which arsenic, nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals are released into the environment (25,26,27). The risks of poisoning from these toxicants resulting from long-term exposure may manifest in many forms of cancer including kidney cancer (28), cancer of the larynx and head and neck (29,30), bladder cancer (31), cancer of the esophagus (32), cancer of the pancreas (33) and stomach cancer (34).…”

Section: +mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Butanol extract of <i>Manihot esculenta</i> leaf modulated cigarette butt leachate-mediated liver mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and its functional capacity

Ajayi¹,

Iyoha²,

Abdulazeez³

2018

Research Journal of Health Sciences

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Objective: The experiment was designed to investigate the modulatory effects of the butanol extract of Manihot esculenta leaf, in vivo, and against the effects of cigarette butt leachate, in vitro on liver mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MMPT), and its possible hepatoprotection in female Wistar rats. Methods:The powdery form of fresh, air-dried and pulverized M. esculenta leaves were extracted in 95% butanol using Soxhlet apparatus and concentrated to a sticky mass using rotary evaporator. Ethical approval for animal use was obtained from Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria (LTH/EC/2014/10/237). Twelve Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 2 groups of 6 rats each, and a separate group of 4 rats were used for the in vitro study. The first set of rats was orally treated daily with the extract for 21 days. Following an overnight fast, the rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the liver mitochondria isolated by standard methods. Mitochondrial swelling and liver function assays were done spectrophotometrically. Results:In vivo, the extract significantly induced low amplitude pore opening in the absence of 2+ exogenous Ca ; whereas when it was present, the extract slightly inhibited same. Two concentrations of cigarette butt leachate caused appreciable low amplitude swelling in control and treated animals in the 2+ presence of Ca ; in the absence of which highly significant inhibitory effects were observed at the same concentrations, in vitro. Significant increases were also recorded for AST, ALT, bilirubin, total protein and ALP, in vivo. Conclusion:The extract showed promise for hepato-protection against cigarette butt leachate toxicity in 2+ the liver of normal rats in the presence of exogenous Ca , in vitro.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: +mentioning

confidence: 99%

Butanol extract of <i>Manihot esculenta</i> leaf modulated cigarette butt leachate-mediated liver mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and its functional capacity

Ajayi¹,

Iyoha²,

Abdulazeez³

2018

Research Journal of Health Sciences

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“…These include chemicals such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen oxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ammonia, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, benzene, phenol, argon, pyridines and acetone, over 50 of which are known to be carcinogenic to humans 4. A study performed by Moriwaki et al found that arsenic, nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals are released into the environment by littered ‘roadside waste’ cigarette butts 6. Moreover, previous studies have shown chemicals in cigarette butt leachate can be acutely toxic to aquatic organisms 2 7 8.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of cigarette butts, and their chemical components, to marine and freshwater fish

et al. 2011

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BackgroundCigarette butts are the most common form of litter, as an estimated 4.5 trillion cigarette butts are thrown away every year worldwide. Many chemical products are used during the course of growing tobacco and manufacturing cigarettes, the residues of which may be found in cigarettes prepared for consumption. Additionally, over 4000 chemicals may also be introduced to the environment via cigarette particulate matter (tar) and mainstream smoke.MethodsUsing US Environmental Protection Agency standard acute fish bioassays, cigarette butt-derived leachate was analysed for aquatic toxicity. Survival was the single endpoint and data were analysed using Comprehensive Environmental Toxicity Information System to identify the LC50 of cigarette butt leachate to fish.ResultsThe LC50 for leachate from smoked cigarette butts (smoked filter + tobacco) was approximately one cigarette butt/l for both the marine topsmelt (Atherinops affinis) and the freshwater fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Leachate from smoked cigarette filters (no tobacco), was less toxic, with LC50 values of 1.8 and 4.3 cigarette butts/l, respectively for both fish species. Unsmoked cigarette filters (no tobacco) were also found to be toxic, with LC50 values of 5.1 and 13.5 cigarette butts/l, respectively, for both fish species.ConclusionToxicity of cigarette butt leachate was found to increase from unsmoked cigarette filters (no tobacco) to smoked cigarette filters (no tobacco) to smoked cigarette butts (smoked filter + tobacco). This study represents the first in the literature to investigate and affirm the toxicity of cigarette butts to fish, and will assist in assessing the potential ecological risks of cigarette butts to the aquatic environment.

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“…Cigarette butts have a repellent effect similar to that of green materials (Suárez-Rodríguez et al, 2013), yet they also contain many toxic substances in addition to Nicotine, such as ethylphenol, heavy metals (e.g., titanium dioxide), propylene glycol, diverse insecticides, and even cyanide (Witschi et al, 2002;Jensenl et al, 2004;Moriwaki et al, 2009;Slaughter et al, 2011;Register, 2013). Thus chick erythrocytes show signs of genotoxic damage proportional to the amount of cigarette butts used to line their nests (Suárez-Rodríguez and Macías Garcia, 2014), probably as the toxic substances enter their bodies through their skins, which are in contact with the nest materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropogenic Nest Materials May Increase Breeding Costs for Urban Birds

2017

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Even in socially monogamous species, sexual conflict is one reason that often promotes differences in the roles of sexes during reproduction, which may lead to one sex making a disproportionate contribution, and thus incurring disproportionate costs, at particular moments of the breeding process. In Mexico City, a number of songbird species line their nests with fibers from discarded cigarette butts, which reduce ectoparasite load but are genotoxic. As male Passer domesticus make substantial contributions to nest building whereas male Carpodacus mexicanus do not contribute to nest building, we hypothesized that the toxic effects of exposure to cigarette butts should be greater for females C. mexicanus than for conspecific males, but that there should be little or no difference in P. domesticus. As expected there was more exogenous genotoxic damage in the red-blood cells of incubating female C. mexicanus the more cigarette butts were found in their nest, and much more than in their conspecific males. Damage in males was not associated to cigarette butts; it was initially lower than in females, but it increased near fledging, together with their breeding effort. In both male and female P. domesticus, however, genotoxic damage was equally apparent and greater the more cigarette butts were in the nest. The novel use of a toxic, anthropogenic parasite repellent by urban birds may be thus asymmetrically increasing the breeding costs paid by the member of the pair most involved in nest building and incubation.

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Waste on the roadside, ‘poi-sute’ waste: Its distribution and elution potential of pollutants into environment

Cited by 118 publications

References 11 publications

Butanol extract of <i>Manihot esculenta</i> leaf modulated cigarette butt leachate-mediated liver mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and its functional capacity

Butanol extract of <i>Manihot esculenta</i> leaf modulated cigarette butt leachate-mediated liver mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and its functional capacity

Toxicity of cigarette butts, and their chemical components, to marine and freshwater fish

Anthropogenic Nest Materials May Increase Breeding Costs for Urban Birds

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