Waste form evaluation for RECl3 and REO fission products separated from used electrochemical salt

Electrochemical Salt Wasteform Development: A Review of Salt Treatment and Immobilization Options

“…The wasteform options compared in this section include GBS-CWF, Pb-Te-O glass, LABS glass, ZIT glass ceramic, Fe-P-O glass, the SAP/U-SAP process, and the USHYZ process. As mentioned previously, some of these options can be used for immobilizing the full ER salt waste, partitioned salt constituents, or both; these applications are summarized in Table . ,− ,,,,, A summary of salt processing options (e.g., for dehalogenation) and wasteforms for different types of salt is provided in Figure .…”

“…Additional discussion will be provided to describe where research gaps exist that could be used to (1) further improve the waste loading within an existing wasteform option or (2) remove salt constituents that do not require immobilization (e.g., only immobilizing fission products). The primary wasteforms that will be compared within the context of this paper include glass-bonded sodalite (GBS) ceramic wasteforms (CWF), lead tellurite (Pb-Te-O) glasses, , lanthanide (alumino)­borosilicate (LABS) glasses, − and iron phosphate (Fe-P-O) glasses. ,, Others that will not be discussed in as much detail include dehalogenation processes for salt waste streams including one utilizing an ultrastable H-Y zeolite (USHYZ) where the dehalogenated product is immobilized by a cold-press-and-sinter process or in a low-melting glass, − a silica aluminophosphate (SAP; or upgraded SAP, U-SAP) process, − and a zinc-in-titania (Zn-Ti-O or ZIT) process. , …”

Dehydration synthesis and crystal structure of terbium oxychloride, TbOCl

“…About 0.5 g of TbCl 3 Á6H 2 O was placed in an alumina crucible, heated to 400 C at 5 C min À1 , held for 8 h, and then cooled to room temperature at 5 C min À1 . This synthesis method was used in our previous study (Riley et al, 2018). The resulting product was a light-brown powder, which was ground in a mortar and pestle for X-ray powder diffraction analysis.…”

Identification of Potential Waste Processing and Waste Form Options for Molten Salt Reactors

“…These glasses have been demonstrated to host a high loading of mixed chloride salts. However, their chemical durability is not ideal and so they were abandoned for this application (Riley et al, 2017c;Riley et al, 2018b).…”

“…This family of glasses has been documented to incorporate >60 mass% of lanthanide oxides (Riley et al, 1999;Youchak-Billings et al, 2008). If the oxychlorides do not incorporate, it is possible that they could be immobilized in a tellurite glass (Riley et al, 2018b), albeit at lower loadings and a substantially increased cost.…”