Wasp Venom Biochemical Components and Their Potential in Biological Applications and Nanotechnological Interventions

Abstract

Wasps, members of the order Hymenoptera, are distributed in different parts of the world, including Brazil, Thailand, Japan, Korea, and Argentina. The lifestyles of the wasps are solitary and social. Social wasps use venom as a defensive measure to protect their colonies, whereas solitary wasps use their venom to capture prey. Chemically, wasp venom possesses a wide variety of enzymes, proteins, peptides, volatile compounds, and bioactive constituents, which include phospholipase A2, antigen 5, mastoparan, and decoralin. The bioactive constituents have anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the limited quantities of wasp venom and the scarcity of advanced strategies for the synthesis of wasp venom’s bioactive compounds remain a challenge facing the effective usage of wasp venom. Solid-phase peptide synthesis is currently used to prepare wasp venom peptides and their analogs such as mastoparan, anoplin, decoralin, polybia-CP, and polydim-I. The goal of the current review is to highlight the medicinal value of the wasp venom compounds, as well as limitations and possibilities. Wasp venom could be a potential and novel natural source to develop innovative pharmaceuticals and new agents for drug discovery.

Asian Hornet, Vespa velutina Lepeletier 1836 (Hym.: Vespidae), Venom Obtention Based on an Electric Stimulation Protocol

“…Integrating transcriptomic and proteomic analyses should provide a better understanding of: the (i) venom composition of venomous hymenoptera in particular; and (ii) mammalian immune system responses to those stinging insects. It is hoped that this will assist in any future applications of venoms into diverse biomedicine and the possible discovery and development of new pharmacological agents and other related research areas [ 31 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ].…”

Asian Hornet, Vespa velutina Lepeletier 1836 (Hym.: Vespidae), Venom Obtention Based on an Electric Stimulation Protocol

“…Integrating transcriptomic and proteomic analyses should provide a better understanding of: the (i) venom composition of venomous hymenoptera in particular; and (ii) mammalian immune system responses to those stinging insects. It is to be hoped that this will assist any future applications of venoms into diverse biomedicine, and the possible discovery and development of new pharmacological agents, and other related research areas [31,[41][42][43][44][45].…”

Antimicrobial Activity and Toxicity of Analogs of Wasp Venom EMP Peptides. Potential Influence of Oxidized Methionine

“…Mastoparans are a group of amphiphilic peptides that are 14 amino acids long, with amidated C-termini, found in the venoms of a variety of social wasps [21]. Though toxic, or perhaps because of their toxicity, studies have shown mastoparans with potential therapeutic applications [22,23]. Mastoparan-like peptides have now been discovered in the venoms of solitary wasps as well [24].…”