‘Wasn’t This Already Considered Sexual Harassment?’: Exploring the Confusion Around the Law Mandating Consent to Receive a Nude Sext Message

Linking Sexting Expectancies with Motivations to Sext

“…In previous work, the receipt of unwanted, consensual sext messages was correlated with negative outcomes, and this may be a reason for some individuals to evaluate receiving sext messages with negative sext expectancies. In their experience, the receipt of a sext message may be associated with feeling victimized [ 41 ]. Future researchers need to inquire about consent to sext to ensure all individuals had consented to the behavior.…”

Unsolicited Sexting and Help-Seeking Behaviours among Australian Adults: A Mixed-Methods Study

“…Participant eligibility for this study was restricted to young adults aged 18-30 years old, as this demographic group engages in sexting most frequently and consequently is more likely to have experienced non-consensual sexting (Powell and Henry 2019;Mori et al 2020). Further, participation was limited to Australian residents for consistency in cultural influences and legal frameworks surrounding sexting behaviours, as these vary across different countries (Clancy et al 2021;Evans et al 2022). In total, 883 participants aged between 18 and 30 years (M = 22.52, SD = 3.09) were recruited, including 539 (61.2%) women, 325 (36.9%) men, 17 (1.9%) other/non-binary, and two who did not disclose their gender.…”

“…That is, while sexting is a criminal offence in some nations, it is not in others. In the United States, for example, Texas criminalised sending unsolicited nude images to a recipient who has not provided consent, with a fine up to $500 for this misdemeanour (Evans et al 2022). In Singapore, "cyberflashing" constitutes a criminal offence, which can incur a fine and a jail sentence of up to one year (Penal Code 1871, Section 377BF, Singapore).…”

Criminal Provisions For Perpetrators Who Commit Criminal Acts of Copulation And Lewd Acts Against Minors

“…Definition of copulation or sexual relations In his legal analysis of an arrest, Hoge Raad asserts that "copulation is a contest between male and female genitalia, usually done to obtain children, where male genitals enter the female genitals which then secrete semen." Up until today, legal practice has upheld this definition of intercourse (Evans, 2022). If the penis does not enter the vagina even though it has released semen, or enters but does not come out of sperm, according to the definition of intercourse like that, then there has not been intercourse.…”