Warning against co-administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) with methamphetamine from the perspective of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations in rat brain

Fuchigami, Yuki; Ikeda, Rie; Miki, Kuzushima; Wada, Mitsuhiro; Kuroda, Naotaka; Nakashima, Kenichiro

doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2013.01.014

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…methamphetamine, could have a greater effect on brain monoamines systems than either compound alone (Yuki et al . ). Thus, the group differences in 5‐HT synthesis capacity may be due to the use of other drugs, either alone or in combination with MDMA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Brain serotonin synthesis in MDMA (ecstasy) polydrug users: an alpha‐[¹¹C]methyl‐l‐tryptophan study

Booij

Soucy

Young

et al. 2014

Journal of Neurochemistry

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3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) use may have long-term neurotoxic effects. In this study, positron emission tomography with the tracer alpha-[11 C]methyl-Ltryptophan ( 11 C-AMT) was used to compare human brain serotonin (5-HT) synthesis capacity in 17 currently drug-free MDMA polydrug users with that in 18 healthy matched controls. Gender differences and associations between regional 11 C-AMT trapping and characteristics of MDMA use were also examined. MDMA polydrug users exhibited lower normalized 11 C-AMT trapping in pre-frontal, orbitofrontal, and parietal regions, relative to controls. These differences were more widespread in males than in females. Increased normalized 11 C-AMT trapping in MDMA users was also observed, mainly in the brainstem and in frontal and temporal areas. Normalized 11 C-AMT trapping in the brainstem and prefrontal regions correlated positively and negatively, respectively, with greater lifetime accumulated MDMA use, longer durations of MDMA use, and shorter time elapsed since the last MDMA use. Although the possibility of pre-existing 5-HT alterations pre-disposing people to use MDMA cannot be ruled out, regionally decreased 5-HT synthesis capacity in the forebrain could be interpreted as neurotoxicity of MDMA on distal (frontal) brain regions. On the other hand, increased 5-HT synthesis capacity in the raphe and adjacent areas could be due to compensatory mechanisms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Brain serotonin synthesis in MDMA (ecstasy) polydrug users: an alpha‐[¹¹C]methyl‐l‐tryptophan study

Booij

Soucy

Young

et al. 2014

Journal of Neurochemistry

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“…Contaminating drugs include, but are not limited to, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA, pseudoephedrine, butylone, and caffeine. , Many recreational MDMA users prefer “molly” as it is believed to be of high purity, however, a recent study employing hair follicle testing revealed that 48% of molly users tested positive for synthetic cathinones despite having reported that they had never used cathinones before . Consuming MDMA as a part of a drug mixture can be extremely dangerous due to drug–drug interactions, and has important implications for evaluating the neurotoxic potential of MDMA in humans.…”

Section: Adverse Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

Dunlap

Andrews

Olson

2018

ACS Chem. Neurosci.

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Better known as “ecstasy,” 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a small molecule that has played a prominent role in defining the ethos of today’s teenagers and young adults, much like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) did in the 1960s. Though MDMA possesses structural similarities to compounds like amphetamine and mescaline, it produces subjective effects that are unlike any of the classical psychostimulants or hallucinogens and is one of the few compounds capable of reliably producing prosocial behavioral states. As a result, MDMA has captured the attention of recreational users, the media, artists, psychiatrists, and neuropharmacologists alike. Here, we detail the synthesis of MDMA as well as its pharmacology, metabolism, adverse effects, and potential use in medicine. Finally, we discuss its history and why it is perhaps the most important compound for the future of psychedelic science—having the potential to either facilitate new psychedelic research initiatives, or to usher in a second Dark Age for the field.

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“…MA and ecstasy combination may have greater acute effects such as rhabdomyolysis and cardiac disease in comparison to the equivalent doses of each substance alone [46]. Detection of tramadol and ecstasy in MA samples seized in Kermanshah is an important issue to take into consideration that this cocktail can have negative health consequences for abusers.…”

Section: Adverse Health Consequences Related To Direct Exposure To Methamphetamine and Its Impuritiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impurity Profiling of Street Methamphetamine Samples Seized in Kermanshah,Iran with Special Focus on Methamphetamine Impurities Health Hazards

Etemadi¹

2015

J Clin Toxicol

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Objective: Methamphetamine abuse remains a significant public health concern since its assent to peak popularity in Iran. Methamphetamine possesses one of the most domestic markets among other drugs of abuse in Kermanshah, Iran. Clandestine methamphetamine laboratories employ different methods and consequently a wide range of chemicals for the illicit production of methamphetamine. Yet there is limited information about active pharmaceutical ingredients in methamphetamine samples seized in Kermanshah, Iran. The current study aimed to identify active pharmaceutical ingredients and manufacturing by-products in methamphetamine samples seized in Kermanshah, Iran. As no organ in the body remains unscathed by methamphetamine and its impurities abuse, the other purpose of the present study was to discuss health effects associated with impure methamphetamine abuse in a brief review.Methods: Analytical study was conducted on 53 methamphetamine samples using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method. We reviewed the health outcomes of methamphetamine abuse and the evidences supporting pharmacological effects of methamphetamine impurities.Results: Analysed methamphetamine samples contained methamphetamine, amphetamine, ecstasy, phenmetrazine, pseudoephedine, tramadol, benzaldehyde, acetic acid and other chemicals. Information has been discussed for common harmful effects of methamphetamine and its impurities abuse. Conclusion:Illicit methamphetamine crystals contained different chemical impurities originated from manufacturing processes and active pharmaceutical ingredients deliberately added to them. The main prominent synthetic routes for methamphetamine synthesis are Leuckart and Nagai methods in Kermanshah, Iran. In addition to the chemical hazards present in methamphetamine laboratories, there are many hazards posed to anyone involved in direct and indirect contact with these contaminants.

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Warning against co-administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) with methamphetamine from the perspective of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations in rat brain

Cited by 9 publications

References 37 publications

Brain serotonin synthesis in MDMA (ecstasy) polydrug users: an alpha‐[¹¹C]methyl‐l‐tryptophan study

Brain serotonin synthesis in MDMA (ecstasy) polydrug users: an alpha‐[¹¹C]methyl‐l‐tryptophan study

Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

Impurity Profiling of Street Methamphetamine Samples Seized in Kermanshah,Iran with Special Focus on Methamphetamine Impurities Health Hazards

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Warning against co-administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) with methamphetamine from the perspective of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations in rat brain

Cited by 9 publications

References 37 publications

Brain serotonin synthesis in MDMA (ecstasy) polydrug users: an alpha‐[11C]methyl‐l‐tryptophan study

Brain serotonin synthesis in MDMA (ecstasy) polydrug users: an alpha‐[11C]methyl‐l‐tryptophan study

Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

Impurity Profiling of Street Methamphetamine Samples Seized in Kermanshah,Iran with Special Focus on Methamphetamine Impurities Health Hazards

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Brain serotonin synthesis in MDMA (ecstasy) polydrug users: an alpha‐[¹¹C]methyl‐l‐tryptophan study

Brain serotonin synthesis in MDMA (ecstasy) polydrug users: an alpha‐[¹¹C]methyl‐l‐tryptophan study