WARChain: Consensus-based trust in web archives via proof-of-stake blockchain technology1

Lendak, Imre; Indig, Balázs; Palkó, Gábor

doi:10.3233/jcs-210040

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Our research highlights the potential of the blockchain to revolutionize security, transparency, and efficiency in vital sectors, offering comparative advantages over traditional security measures. Implementing blockchain technology in critical infrastructure represents a paradigmatic shift in cybersecurity, promising to improve cyber-attack resilience and increase operational efficiency and transparency [48,49].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Securing Critical Infrastructure with Blockchain Technology: An Approach to Cyber-Resilience

Govea,

Gaibor-Naranjo,

Villegas-Ch

2024

Computers

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Currently, in the digital era, critical infrastructure is increasingly exposed to cyber threats to their operation and security. This study explores the use of blockchain technology to address these challenges, highlighting its immutability, decentralization, and transparency as keys to strengthening the resilience of these vital structures. Through a methodology encompassing literature review, use-case analysis, and the development and evaluation of prototypes, the effective implementation of the blockchain in the protection of critical infrastructure is investigated. The experimental results reveal the positive impact of the blockchain on security and resilience, presenting a solid defense against cyber-attacks due to its immutable and decentralized structure, with a 40% reduction in security incidents. Despite the observed benefits, blockchain integration faces significant challenges in scalability, interoperability, and regulations. This work demonstrates the potential of the blockchain to strengthen critical infrastructure. It marks progress towards the blockchain’s practical adoption, offering a clear direction for future research and development in this evolving field.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Securing Critical Infrastructure with Blockchain Technology: An Approach to Cyber-Resilience

Govea,

Gaibor-Naranjo,

Villegas-Ch

2024

Computers

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“…The documents are not necessarily stored in web archives, and the emphasis appears to be on documents that can be expected to remain static (e.g., video files). In the WARChain project [84,85], hashes are computed server-side by the web archive and then stored in the EduPoS blockchain. The hashes are computed on the text in HTML documents, as extracted by the popular BeautifulSoup library [86].…”

Section: Verifying the Fixity Of Digital Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hashes are not suitable to verify fixity of the public archived web

et al. 2023

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Web archives, such as the Internet Archive, preserve the web and allow access to prior states of web pages. We implicitly trust their versions of archived pages, but as their role moves from preserving curios of the past to facilitating present day adjudication, we are concerned with verifying the fixity of archived web pages, or mementos, to ensure they have always remained unaltered. A widely used technique in digital preservation to verify the fixity of an archived resource is to periodically compute a cryptographic hash value on a resource and then compare it with a previous hash value. If the hash values generated on the same resource are identical, then the fixity of the resource is verified. We tested this process by conducting a study on 16,627 mementos from 17 public web archives. We replayed and downloaded the mementos 39 times using a headless browser over a period of 442 days and generated a hash for each memento after each download, resulting in 39 hashes per memento. The hash is calculated by including not only the content of the base HTML of a memento but also all embedded resources, such as images and style sheets. We expected to always observe the same hash for a memento regardless of the number of downloads. However, our results indicate that 88.45% of mementos produce more than one unique hash value, and about 16% (or one in six) of those mementos always produce different hash values. We identify and quantify the types of changes that cause the same memento to produce different hashes. These results point to the need for defining an archive-aware hashing function, as conventional hashing functions are not suitable for replayed archived web pages.

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“…The energy and delay level blockchain frameworks suggested in [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ] improve the constraints on the above frameworks; however, resource consumption, costs, and deadlines of applications are still compared to the state-of-the-art blockchain in the system. The blockchain consensus has been widely implemented for different applications such as proof of work [ 31 ], proof of stake [ 32 ], delegated proof of stake (DPoS) [ 33 ], and leased proof of stake (LPoS) [ 34 ] to enable transaction validation in the blockchain nodes during processing in the network.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study compared the consensus methods of blockchain technologies for healthcare applications in a simulation environment. This study implemented four existing blockchain consensus schemes, i.e., PoW [ 31 ], PoS [ 32 ], DPoS [ 33 ] and LPoS [ 34 ], to compare them with the PPoV for fine-grained healthcare applications in the framework.…”

Section: Performance Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain Socket Factories with RMI-Enabled Framework for Fine-Grained Healthcare Applications

Ahmed

Lakhan

Thinnukool

et al. 2022

Sensors

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The usage of digital and intelligent healthcare applications on mobile devices has grown progressively. These applications are generally distributed and access remote healthcare services on the user’s applications from different hospital sources. These applications are designed based on client–server architecture and different paradigms such as socket, remote procedure call, and remote method invocation (RMI). However, these existing paradigms do not offer a security mechanism for healthcare applications in distributed mobile-fog-cloud networks. This paper devises a blockchain-socket-RMI-based framework for fine-grained healthcare applications in the mobile-fog-cloud network. This study introduces a new open healthcare framework for applied research purposes and has blockchain-socket-RMI abstraction level classes for healthcare applications. The goal is to meet the security and deadline requirements of fine-grained healthcare tasks and minimize execution and data validation costs during processing applications in the system. This study introduces a partial proof of validation (PPoV) scheme that converts the workload into the hash and validates it among mobile, fog, and cloud nodes during offloading, execution, and storing data in the secure form. Simulation discussions illustrate that the proposed blockchain-socket-RMI minimizes the processing and blockchain costs and meets the security and deadline requirements of fine-grained healthcare tasks of applications as compared to existing frameworks in work.

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WARChain: Consensus-based trust in web archives via proof-of-stake blockchain technology1

Cited by 4 publications

References 17 publications

Securing Critical Infrastructure with Blockchain Technology: An Approach to Cyber-Resilience

Securing Critical Infrastructure with Blockchain Technology: An Approach to Cyber-Resilience

Hashes are not suitable to verify fixity of the public archived web

Blockchain Socket Factories with RMI-Enabled Framework for Fine-Grained Healthcare Applications

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