War of the worms: how plants fight underground attacks

Kandoth, Pramod Kaitheri; Mitchum, Melissa G.

doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2013.07.001

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…These parasites include hookworm and other soil-transmitted helminths that cause malnutrition and obstructive bowel disease, filarial nematodes such as Onchocerca volvulus, which causes river blindness, and Brugia malayi, which causes lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis; Blaxter 1998). Plant parasitic nematodes cause significant crop damage (billions of dollars each year; Kandoth and Mitchum 2013) and animal parasites devastate domesticated animals (including heartworm in dogs and cats; McCall et al 2008). C. elegans has played a critical role in elucidating the mode of action of anthelmintic drugs (Holden-Dye and Walker 2014).…”

Section: Caenorhabditis Ecology and Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Transparent window into biology: A primer on Caenorhabditis elegans

2015

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A little over 50 years ago, Sydney Brenner had the foresight to develop the nematode (round worm) Caenorhabditis elegans as a genetic model for understanding questions of developmental biology and neurobiology. Over time, research on C. elegans has expanded to explore a wealth of diverse areas in modern biology including studies of the basic functions and interactions of eukaryotic cells, host-parasite interactions, and evolution. C. elegans has also become an important organism in which to study processes that go awry in human diseases. This primer introduces the organism and the many features that make it an outstanding experimental system, including its small size, rapid life cycle, transparency, and well-annotated genome. We survey the basic anatomical features, common technical approaches, and important discoveries in C. elegans research. Key to studying C. elegans has been the ability to address biological problems genetically, using both forward and reverse genetics, both at the level of the entire organism and at the level of the single, identified cell. These possibilities make C. elegans useful not only in research laboratories, but also in the classroom where it can be used to excite students who actually can see what is happening inside live cells and tissues.KEYWORDS C. elegans; nematodes; Primer; single-cell analysis; transparent genetic system

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Section: Caenorhabditis Ecology and Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Transparent window into biology: A primer on Caenorhabditis elegans

2015

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“…This finding is consistent with the idea that different pathogens independently evolved virulence factors that converge on common host targets within the PTI network (Jones and Dangl 2006; Mukhtar et al 2011). Only time will tell whether the current list of COI1/JAZ-targeting effectors is complete or, more likely, will continue to expand as effector repertoires from diverse plant-associated microbes, arthropods, and nematodes are systematically scrutinized (Boller and He 2009; Elzinga and Jander 2013; Hogenhout and Bos 2011; Kandoth and Mitchum 2013). The strong selection pressure imposed by JATI on arthropod herbivores and pathogens, together with evidence that many of these organisms actively suppress JA-based defenses, suggests the existence of novel mechanisms by which plant-associated organisms disrupt JATI.…”

Section: Synthesis and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Jasmonate-Triggered Plant Immunity

2014

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The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) exerts direct control over the production of chemical defense compounds that confer resistance to a remarkable spectrum of plant-associated organisms, ranging from microbial pathogens to vertebrate herbivores. The underlying mechanism of JA-triggered immunity (JATI) can be conceptualized as a multi-stage signal transduction cascade involving: i) pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that couple the perception of danger signals to rapid synthesis of bioactive JA; ii) an evolutionarily conserved JA signaling module that links fluctuating JA levels to changes in the abundance of transcriptional repressor proteins; and iii) activation (de-repression) of transcription factors that orchestrate the expression of myriad chemical and morphological defense traits. Multiple negative feedback loops act in concert to restrain the duration and amplitude of defense responses, presumably to mitigate potential fitness costs of JATI. The convergence of diverse plant- and non-plant-derived signals on the core JA module indicates that JATI is a general response to perceived danger. However, the modular structure of JATI may accommodate attacker-specific defense responses through evolutionary innovation of PRRs (inputs) and defense traits (outputs). The efficacy of JATI as a defense strategy is highlighted by its capacity to shape natural populations of plant attackers, as well as the propensity of plant-associated organisms to subvert or otherwise manipulate JA signaling. As both a cellular hub for integrating informational cues from the environment and a common target of pathogen effectors, the core JA module provides a focal point for understanding immune system networks and the evolution of chemical diversity in the plant kingdom.

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“…Characterisation of several nematode R genes has revealed that resistant plants prevent or limit nematode reproduction due to the failure of nematodes to form or maintain a functional feeding site that is able to support nematode development (Fuller et al, 2008;Kandoth & Mitchum, 2013). The mechanisms of resistance can be broadly divided into two categories: a resistance response characterised by the occurrence of a hypersensitive response (HR) or a non-HR resistance response.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, differential methylation of the Rhg1 region was found to occur in resistant and susceptible accessions, indicating both copy number and methylation status contributed to the Rhg1-mediated resistance (Cook et al, 2012(Cook et al, , 2014. None of the gene products within the Rhg1 and Rhg4 loci resembles NBS-LRR proteins, which suggests novel resistant mechanisms (Cook et al, 2012(Cook et al, , 2014Liu et al, 2012;Kandoth & Mitchum, 2013).…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance genes against plant-parasitic nematodes: a durable control strategy?

Davies

Elling

2015

Nematol

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Plant-parasitic nematodes are a major pest of all agricultural systems, causing extensive economic losses. Natural resistance (R) genes offer an alternative to chemical control and have been shown effectively to limit nematode damage to crops in the field. Whilst a number of resistant cultivars have conferred resistance against root-knot and cyst nematodes for many decades, an increasing number of reports of resistance-breaking nematode pathotypes are beginning to emerge. The forces affecting the emergence of virulent nematodes are complex, multifactorial and involve both the host and parasite of the plant-nematode interaction. This review provides an overview of the root-knot and cyst nematode R genes characterised to date, in addition to examining the evolutionary forces influencing nematode populations and the emergence of virulence. Finally, potential strategies to improve R gene durability in the field are outlined, and areas that would benefit from further research efforts are highlighted.

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War of the worms: how plants fight underground attacks

Cited by 30 publications

References 50 publications

A Transparent window into biology: A primer on Caenorhabditis elegans

A Transparent window into biology: A primer on Caenorhabditis elegans

Jasmonate-Triggered Plant Immunity

Resistance genes against plant-parasitic nematodes: a durable control strategy?

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