War and the systematic devastation of women: the call for increased attention to traumatic gynaecological fistulae

Obstetric fistula-induced incontinence and WASH programming in humanitarian settings: agenda for research, innovation, and practice

“…It would also be interesting to determine whether the various phases of humanitarian crises (e.g., acute versus recovery) could significantly influence the prevalence of OFII. This would help to expand the scope of existing studies that have tended to focus on the systematic devastation, sexual violence and gynecological fistulae resulting from war (Kinyanda et al 2010;Salim 2012). Another topical issue relates to the prevalence of the various types of incontinence (e.g., urine, faeces or both) and factors accounting for the variations in the presentation of incontinence across different groups of women in varied settings.…”

“…Lastly, studies should examine the risk and protective factors for OFII. Although the literature is inundated with risk factors Adjorlolo et al Journal of International Humanitarian Action (2023) 8:1 (Kinyanda et al 2010;Salim 2012), it is important to note that not all women exposed to the same or similar risk factors develop OFII. This suggests the availability of protective factors, defined broadly as factors that have the propensity to avert or cause a reduction in the experiences of OFII by moderating or mediating the relationship between risk factors and OF, or acting independent of risk factors (De Vries Robbé et al 2015).…”