U ntil recently, a long-standing, impressively large, and growing literature appeared to have failed to result in a scholarly consensus on the effects of military expenditure on economic growth. But the availability of 20 more years of data since the end of the cold war has helped researchers to make progress in identifying any relation of military expenditure with economic factors. The literature is complex and difficult to summarize, with studies differing in their theoretical approach, in the empirical methods used, in the coverage of countries and time periods employed, and in their quality and statistical significance. This article extends and updates an earlier survey by Dunne and Uye, 1 now covering almost 170 studies. It finds that more recent studies provide increasingly stronger evidence of a negative effect of military expenditure on growth. The following sections discuss the general nexus between military expenditure and economic growth, reviews general theoretical issues and the empirical literature, and evaluates the effect of adding the more recent studies to the older ones. The final section presents some conclusions.