“…Technological developments in high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry have substantially improved our ability to access and identify proteins from archaeological materials. The study of ancient proteins is improving the understanding of taxonomy and phylogeny from extinct fauna (Welker, et al, 2015a ), the reconstruction of past ecosystems and their exploitation (Vaiglova, et al, 2014 ; Welker, et al, 2015b ), the composition and trade of material objects (Buckley, et al, 2013 ; Brandt, et al, 2014 ; von Holstein, et al, 2014 ; Bleicher, et al, 2015 ), cultural heritage practices (Kuckova, et al, 2009 ; Rao, et al, 2014 ), individual health (Corthals, et al, 2012 ; Warinner, et al, 2014a ), and ancient diets (Buckley, et al, 2013 ; Shevchenko, et al, 2014 ; Stewart, et al, 2014 ; Yang, et al, 2014 ; Warinner, et al, 2014b ; Xie, et al, 2016 ). Recently, dental calculus - mineralised plaque (tartar) which accumulates on tooth surfaces during life - has emerged as one of the most promising reservoirs for ancient proteins.…”