Waiting time in emergency evacuation of crowded public transport terminals

Developing a database for emergency evacuation model

“…However, the number of real fire events is limited. A large number of evacuation experiments have been carried out to gain data in different locations, such as high-rise apartments [3,4], large retail stores [5], ships [6], classrooms [7], public transport terminals [8], cinemas and th eaters [9]. Data on disabled occupants has also been collected in other experiments [9,10].…”

A proposed pedestrian waiting-time model for improving space–time use efficiency in stadium evacuation scenarios

“…Cai et al (2010) [6] introduced the concept of an efficiency factor of contaminant source to evaluate the performance of emergency ventilation in evacuation planning. Chow [9,10] introduced a waiting time index to analyse the waiting time [14,18,26,35,38,43] of crowded areas in order to implement appropriate fire safety management. However, this type of waiting time research has seldom incorporated factors of restart moving behaviour or the spaceetime use efficiency of downstream evacuation links or passages.…”

“…Scenario S3 also includes the compelled waiting time based on the proposed pedestrian waiting-time model. Waiting time index (WTI) proposed by Chow and Ng (2008) [10] for identifying the bottlenecks in the evacuation network of the stadium is applied in this study. Table 1 gives the total evacuation time, cumulative waiting time, compelled waiting time, and waiting time index for the three scenarios.…”

“…Studies on this subject led to the development of several simulationbased models designed to investigate bottlenecks induced by panic behaviour [22], pedestrian movements [7,41], and waiting time in crowded areas [9,10]. These studies employed techniques including cellular automata models, lattice gas models, social force models, fluid-dynamic models, agent-based models, game theory models, as well as models based on animal experiments (reviewed by Zheng et al, 2009 [58]) as the basis for evacuation scenario simulations [55].…”

Analysis of Evacuation Efficiency with Congestion Points in Large Sport Facilities

“…There have been considerable studies on controlled evacuation experiments to gain data in different locations, such as high-rise apartments, large retail stores, ships, classrooms, and public transport terminals [15][16][17][18]. Data on disabled occupants have also been collected in other experiments [19].…”