Waist Circumference and Body Mass Index as Predictors of Health Care Costs

Højgaard, Betina; Gyrd‐Hansen, Dorte; Olsen, Kim Rose; Søgaard, Jes; Sørensen, Thorkild I A

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002619

Cited by 38 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…It has been shown that WC more precisely identifies highrisk individuals by pinpointing those with a high body fat content and an increased intraabdominal accumulation of fat [37]. This result is supported by a study based on the same data as in this article, which demonstrates that WC is a better predictor of future health care costs than BMI [38]. Two health economic studies [10,12] found increased costs associated with increased WC, but limitations of their study design makes it difficult to derive generally applicable estimates of the health care costs.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Economic Costs of Abdominal Obesity

Højgaard¹,

Olsen²,

Søgaard³

et al. 2008

Obes Facts

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Background: To examine the relationship between waist circumference and future health care costs across a broad range of waist circumference values based on individual level data. Method: A prospective cohort of 31,840 subjects aged 50–64 years at baseline had health status, lifestyle and socio-economic aspects assessed at entry. Individual data on health care consumption and associated costs were extracted from registers for the subsequent 7 years. Participants were stratified by presence of chronic disease at entry. Results: Increased waist circumference at baseline was associated with higher future health care costs. For increased and substantially increased waist circumference health care costs rise at a rate of 1.25% in women and 2.08% in men, per added centimetre above normal waistline. Thus, as an example, a woman with a waistline of 95 cm and without co-morbidities can be expected to incur an added future cost of approximately USD 397.– per annum compared to a woman in the normal waist circumference group, corresponding to 22% higher health care costs. Conclusions: Future health care costs are higher for persons who have an increased waist circumference, which suggests that there may be a potential for significant resource savings through prevention of abdominal obesity.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Economic Costs of Abdominal Obesity

Højgaard¹,

Olsen²,

Søgaard³

et al. 2008

Obes Facts

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“…Considering that BMI is a proxy measure of total body fat, whereas WC is a proxy measure of abdominal fat mass, the combination of the two measures have been suggested since it might represent a better predictor to assess risks associated with excess adiposity (Freiberg et al, 2008;Hojgaard et al, 2008). In our study, using BMI and WC together we observed a higher prevalence of women at risk (28%) when comparing to men (18%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Are cardiorespiratory fitness and moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity independently associated to overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity in elderly?

Santos

Silva

Baptista

et al. 2011

American J Hum Biol

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“…82 Waist circumference, a surrogate marker of abdominal obesity, further predicts healthcare costs beyond BMI. 83 Obesity is also associated with significant increases in indirect costs such as …”

Section: Costmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of Overweight/Obesity as a Strategy to Optimize Cardiovascular Health

et al. 2011

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he prevalence of obesity in the United States and the world has risen to epidemic/pandemic proportions. This increase has occurred despite efforts by healthcare providers and consumers alike to improve the health-related behaviors of the population and a tremendous push from the scientific community to better understand the pathophysiology of obesity. This epidemic is all the more concerning given the clear association between excess adiposity and adverse health consequences such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These risks associated with overweight/obesity are primarily related to the deposition of excess adiposity or body fatness. Weight loss, specifically loss of body fat, is associated with benefits in all of the obesity-related comorbidities, but, unfortunately, most weight loss interventions are associated with weight regain and are therefore not successful in the long term. It is for these reasons that efforts to prevent weight gain and overweight/ obesity are necessary. This is especially important when one considers younger individuals, who have even more to lose as a consequence of a longer duration of excess adiposity.After a brief review of the epidemiology of obesity, this statement will make the case for the importance of weight gain prevention. This argument will first include a review of the complications of overweight and obesity in both adults and children, including the future CVD risks of obesity in early life. Energy balance dysregulation and adaptations to the weight-reduced state, favoring weight regain, will then be reviewed as further argument for the need for obesity prevention. This will be followed by a discussion on the goals and strategies for accomplishing the difficult task of the prevention of weight gain and obesity. Scope of the Problem Classification of Overweight and ObesityThe body mass index (BMI) is the most widely used and accepted method for the assessment and classification of excess adiposity or body fatness. Overweight and obesity are classified according to BMI for adults. 1 A BMI Ͻ18.5 kg/m 2 is considered underweight, between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m 2 corresponds to a healthy weight, between 25.0 and 29.9 kg/m 2 is overweight, and Ն30.0 kg/m 2 is obese. Obesity is further classified as stage I or mild (BMI of 30.0 to 34.9 kg/m 2 ), stage II or moderate (BMI of 35.0 to 39.9 kg/m 2 ), and stage III or severe (BMI of Ն40.0 kg/m 2 ). In children, BMI percentiles adjusted for age and sex and calculated on the basis of a compilation of national survey data collected over a 30-year period are used. In children aged 2 to 19 years, overweight is defined as a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentiles, and obesity is defined as a BMI Ն95th percentile. 2 Epidemiology of Overweight and ObesityThe prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States and the world has risen dramatically over the last 4 to 5 decades and has been summarized. 3,4 In the most recent US population estimates based on data from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutri...

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Waist Circumference and Body Mass Index as Predictors of Health Care Costs

Cited by 38 publications

References 31 publications

Economic Costs of Abdominal Obesity

Economic Costs of Abdominal Obesity

Are cardiorespiratory fitness and moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity independently associated to overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity in elderly?

Prevention of Overweight/Obesity as a Strategy to Optimize Cardiovascular Health

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