Wafer-scale fabrication of patterned carbon nanofiber nanoelectrode arrays: A route for development of multiplexed, ultrasensitive disposable biosensors

Bioelectroanalysis with nanoelectrode ensembles and arrays

“…For instance, only very recently Triroj et al [74] described a microfluidic chip which uses NEAs as for miniaturized detection of prostatespecific antigen. Arumugam et al [15] described a robust and scalable wafer-scale method for fabrication of multiplexed biosensors. Each sensor chip consists of nine individually addressable arrays that use electron beam-patterned vertically aligned carbon fibres as the sensing element.…”

“…Use of an array of nanostructured electrodes also enables extreme miniaturization of the sensor, keeping the overall size to dimensions 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than with micrometre-sized electrodes [13]. Taking this approach to the extreme, the possibility of developing multiplexed arrays is particularly attractive [14,15]. For instance, Zoski et al [14] built and tested complex arrays composed of groups of nanoelectrode ensembles, each group being individually addressable via a separate current collector.…”

Manipulation of bacteriophages with dielectrophoresis on carbon nanofiber nanoelectrode arrays

“…It should be noted that the VACNF NEA in this study consists of randomly distributed CNF tips with an average spacing of >1 μm (as shown in Fig. 1e), though such arrays can be fabricated into regular patterns using more expensive e-beam lithography processes [20]. Fluorescence videos of the labeled virus over the 200 μm × 200 μm active NEA area were recorded at higher magnification (with a 50X objective lens) (see Supplementary Information for representative videos).…”

Sensor systems for the Altair Lunar Lander:

“…Use will be made of a modified TO15 EPA Protocol for testing the instrument stability and response [6]. The TO15 protocol employs daily tests using fluorobenzene (FB, C6H5F, mass 96 amu) and bromofluorobenzene (BFB, C6H4FBr, mass 174 amu for the 79 Br isotope and 176 amu for the abundant 81 Br isotope acetone ( 12 C3H6O, 58 amu). For VCAM only FB and acetone ( 12 C 3H6O) will be used to test the PCGC at the high-and low-mass ranges of the MS, respectively.…”

“…Meyyappan and co-workers, using principal component analysis, have created nanotube-based sensors 79,80 and some are currently incorporated into the JPL electronic nose and serving on the ISS. A mass-spectrometer-based eNose has been compared with solid-phase microextraction/GC/MS to characterize volatiles above infant formula 84 , with the statement The term "electronic nose" has been used to describe these instruments because the sensors detect volatiles in a sample and attempt to discriminate among samples based on their "aroma" profile.…”