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Abstract

The Cordobán Ibn Rushd ai-Jadd (d. 520/1126) explained that faith and infidelity (ímün and kufr) are «deeds of the heart» (min afal al-qulUb), so that the infidelity or faith of a person are difficult to establish, because he could be a hypocrite or a concealed apostate (zindîq). There are only two ways to know: a text from God or from the Prophet where it is stated that someone is an infidel, ^ or by perfoming debates or investigations (munâzara, mujüdala or muhàhatha) in which evidence of infidelity could be uncovered and brought to light. At this point, the hidden infidel or heretic may confess or, on the basis of words or deeds that show him to be an infidel (such as considering licit drinking wine, ^ or committing murder, fornication, stealing, seizing property unlawfully, worshiping other than God, concuring in blasphemy against the Prophets, or rejecting a chapter of the Qur'an and similar things), he could be brought to trial. ^ Ibn Rushd al-Jadd belonged to the Màlikî school of law, predominant in al-Andalus and the Islamic West. Rehgious dissension has a specific vocabulary in Mâlikî legal works. Zandaqa, which I will translate as «heresy», is one of the terms used. Both zandaqa and blasphemy {sabb Allah, sabb al-rasüí) are treated under the heading devoted to apostasy {ridda), as they are seen to represent the

Radial metallicity distribution breaks at corotation radius in spiral galaxies

“…, [83], [89], [121], [122], [135] 6 NGC1232 12.6 ± 3.0 25.6 ± 6.1 15.0 ± 2.1 21.6 ± 3.1 S [9], [17], [88], [89], [121], [122] 7 NGC1365 20.7 ± 4.0 11.5 ± 5.6 20.4 ± 5.3 11.6 ± 3.8 S [9], [28], [62], [87], [89], [98], [125], [135] [40], [47], [76], [80], [87], [89], [109], [121], [122], [125], [ [76], [88], [89], [109], [121], [122], [125], [ [54], [62], [85], [89], [114], [125], [ [76], [80], [88], [89], [109],…”