W. E. B. Du Bois: Reform, Will, and the Veil

A Socio-Historical Overview of Black Youth Development in the United States for Leisure Studies

“…Racism could be transcended because present experience is the result of historically and culturally situated interaction (England and Warner 2013). African Americans' present day interactions with organized recreation may be shaped by centuries of law, policy, and social custom which excluded them (Holland 2002).…”

“…Indeed, African Americans built opportunities to teach youth identity through family interaction (Mintz 1999) and morals through religious services (Raboteau 2004), despite intense restrictions on everyday existence during Enslavement. England and Warner (2013) argued that The Veil created two interacting social systems (one White, one non-White) which were characterized by antagonism and interdependence. African Americans were forced to create their own social systems: churches, families, and recreation which were often dominated by White institutions (England and Warner 2013).…”

“…England and Warner (2013) argued that The Veil created two interacting social systems (one White, one non-White) which were characterized by antagonism and interdependence. African Americans were forced to create their own social systems: churches, families, and recreation which were often dominated by White institutions (England and Warner 2013). For example, Mjagkij (1994) argued that the YMCA supported Jim Crow in the nineteenth century by advising African Americans to develop segregated associations.…”

“…However, the relative separation of the White and Non-White social systems facilitated the growth of unique forms of resistance to oppression among African Americans (England and Warner 2013). For example, African Americans challenged the separation of family during Enslavement by developing extended kinship networks on plantations to both teach and care for Enslaved African youth (Kaye 2007).…”

Sociology and the Theory of Double Consciousness

“…Du Bois for a long time. Of late, however, the discipline has begun to recognize his work, paying attention to his urban and community studies and reflecting on how incorporating his insights could have changed the practice of sociology (Anderson 1996(Anderson , 2000Bobo 2000 ;Green and Driver, 1995 ;Morris 2007 ;Morris and Ghaziani, 2005 ;Wortham 2009Wortham , 2011Zuberi 2004 ).Yet Du Bois's work as a sociological theorist continues to go overlooked (England and Warner, 2013 ;Zukerman 2004 ). Du Bois is thought to be a scholar of race, and he is indeed that.…”