VX Evaporation and Degradation from Urban Land Surfaces

JungHyunsook,; ChoiSeungki,

doi:10.1089/ees.2017.0342

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The study of the V-agents' physical properties is important since it correlates with their potential environmental spreading and contamination [16]. Generally, the V-agents are colorless to amber color oily liquids with low vapor pressure.…”

Section: Physical Properties Of V-agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical, Physical, and Toxicological Properties of V-Agents

Pampalakis

Kostoudi

2023

IJMS

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V-agents are exceedingly toxic organophosphate nerve agents. The most widely known V-agents are the phosphonylated thiocholines VX and VR. Nonetheless, other V-subclasses have been synthesized. Here, a holistic overview of V-agents is provided, where these compounds have been categorized based on their structures to facilitate their study. A total of seven subclasses of V-agents have been identified, including phospho(n/r)ylated selenocholines and non-sulfur-containing agents, such as VP and EA-1576 (EA: Edgewood Arsenal). Certain V-agents have been designed through the conversion of phosphorylated pesticides to their respective phosphonylated analogs, such as EA-1576 derived from mevinphos. Further, this review provides a description of their production, physical properties, toxicity, and stability during storage. Importantly, V-agents constitute a percutaneous hazard, while their high stability ensures the contamination of the exposed area for weeks. The danger of V-agents was highlighted in the 1968 VX accident in Utah. Until now, VX has been used in limited cases of terrorist attacks and assassinations, but there is an increased concern about potential terrorist production and use. For this reason, studying the chemistry of VX and other less-studied V-agents is important to understand their properties and develop potential countermeasures.

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Section: Physical Properties Of V-agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical, Physical, and Toxicological Properties of V-Agents

Pampalakis

Kostoudi

2023

IJMS

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“…A laboratory-sized wind tunnel was specifically designed to produce full-scale vertical velocity profiles on the basis of the defined wind-induced boundary layers, and to measure and monitor evaporation processes. A detailed description of the tunnel has been reported previously ( Jung and Choi, 2018). In brief, drops of tabun (total 6 lL, neat) were deposited on the surface of glass (a 38-mm-diameter circle), soi1 (6 g in a Teflon on cup), and concrete (a 35 mm diameter and a 15 mm thickness).…”

Section: Wind Tunnelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In case of surface contamination, the physical and chemical properties of the CWA will influence the contact time and the mechanism of spreading over and into the contaminated surface. A substantial amount of work has been published on the fate of CWAs on the natural and built en-vironment, largely as a result of military research (Wagner et al, 2004;Tang et al, 2006;Columbus et al, 2018;Jung and Choi, 2018). A large number of the reports available have focused on the fates of mustard agent (bis (2-chloroethyl)sulfide [HD]) or venomous agent X (VX,ethyl methylphosphonothioate) in the natural outdoor environment, and their influences over material (Mizrahi and Columbus, 2005;Mizrahi et al, 2011;Columbus et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate of Nerve Agent Tabun in Concrete and Soil: Evaporation and Decontamination

JungHyunsook

LeeJuno

ParkHoon

et al. 2019

Environmental Engineering Science

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This study reports on evaporation and decontamination of the nerve agent tabun from common civil surfaces, concrete and soil. Evaporation of various agent drop sizes was measured using a laboratory-sized wind tunnel and thermal desorber in combination with gas chromatography. Samples were periodically analyzed to determine the half-life of tabun at various temperatures, with and without a decontamination process. Results showed that in concrete, a drop of the agent was rapidly absorbed and spread into the matrix, while evaporating. In soil, a drop of the agent remained on the surface without spreading, while slowly evaporating. Not only does tabun remain longer in soil than in concrete but also the time required for evaporation was prolonged for larger drops. On the other hand, drops of the agent absorbed into the matrices remained for times after decontamination, following a pseudo first-order rate of degradation and decontamination. Estimated half-lives of tabun were 2 days in concrete and 5 days in soil at 25°C, which were shortened to 1.1 days in concrete and 1.8 days in soil at 50°C. The halflives were significantly shortened after decontamination, to 4.6, 1.2, and 0.7 min in concrete and 5.9, 2.5, and 1.0 min in soil at 25°C, 35°C, and 50°C, respectively.

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“…Processes of adsorption ,, and degradation − on silica-containing materials have been appraised as likely process in the environmental fate of nonpolar organophosphorus compounds, mainly warfare agents (sarin, soman, and VX) that raise serious concerns because of their use in recent brutal attacks against civilians. , Bare silica has also been employed to catalyze the hydrolysis of oligosaccharides and has been evoked as a catalyst prior to the evolution of life. , In an interesting prebiotic chemistry scenario, Georgelin et al reported the phosphorylation of AMP by Pi coadsorbed on silica yielding the biological energy transfer units ADP and ATP . Insight about the catalytic mechanism on silica has been provided by Gazit et al, who observed a correlation between the rate of glucan hydrolysis and silanol densities, which form hydrogen bonds to weakly Brønsted acidic OH sites on the surface during catalysis .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Catalysis of Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis by Bare Silica

et al. 2020

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This work reports the catalysis of bare silica materials (MCM-41, SBA-15, and silica gel) for the complete hydrolyses of bis(2,4-nitrophenyl)phosphate (BDNPP) and bis(4nitrophenyl)phosphate (BNPP), which share the same phosphate diester chemical core with important biological molecules, DNA and RNA, and toxic substances like EA2192 and anatoxin-a(s). Catalytic effects above 7000-fold were observed for the hydrolysis of BNPP, which were consistent with a concerted S N 2(P) mechanism under the action of siloxide and silanol groups that provide water activation by general base catalysis and leavinggroup departure stabilization by general acid catalysis, respectively. We also observed that product formation follows a sigmoidal behavior as a result of catalytic effect enhancement following an induction period. This effect is discussed considering cooperative effects caused by silica hydration, which is unchanged upon material reuse affording strong catalytic effects for phosphate diester hydrolyses and no induction periods.

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VX Evaporation and Degradation from Urban Land Surfaces

Cited by 6 publications

References 22 publications

Chemical, Physical, and Toxicological Properties of V-Agents

Chemical, Physical, and Toxicological Properties of V-Agents

Fate of Nerve Agent Tabun in Concrete and Soil: Evaporation and Decontamination

Efficient Catalysis of Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis by Bare Silica

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