Vulvovaginal candidiasis

White, David; Vanthuyne, A

doi:10.1136/sti.2006.023168

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…For example, women infected with Candida may have discharge caused by bacterial vaginosis and could thus be misdiagnosed with vulvovaginal candidiasis [36]. Our findings emphasize the problems inherent in making diagnoses of vaginal conditions based on clinical examination alone [34, 37, 38]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Epidemiologic Features of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Reproductive-Age Women in India

Rathod

Klausner

Krupp

et al. 2012

Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology

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Background. Vulvovaginal candidiasis is characterized by curd-like vaginal discharge and itching, and is associated with considerable health and economic costs. Materials and Methods. We examined the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors for vulvovaginal candidiasis among a cohort of 898 women in south India. Participants completed three study visits over six months, comprised of a structured interview and a pelvic examination. Results. The positive predictive values for diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis using individual signs or symptoms were low (<19%). We did not find strong evidence for associations between sociodemographic characteristics and the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Women clinically diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis had a higher prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis (Prevalence 12%, 95% CI 8.2, 15.8) compared to women assessed to be negative for bacterial vaginosis (Prevalence 6.5%, 95% 5.3, 7.6); however, differences in the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis were not observed by the presence or absence of laboratory-confirmed bacterial vaginosis. Conclusions. For correct diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis, laboratory confirmation of infection with Candida is necessary as well as assessment of whether the discharge has been caused by bacterial vaginosis. Studies are needed of women infected with Candida yeast species to determine the risk factors for yeast's overgrowth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Epidemiologic Features of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Reproductive-Age Women in India

Rathod

Klausner

Krupp

et al. 2012

Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology

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“…On the basis of the severity of symptoms, frequency, causative agents and host factors, VVC is usually classified as either uncomplicated or complicated 1 2. Approximately 10–20% of women will have complicated VVC 1 – 3. The diagnosis and classification of different conditions of VVC are important for therapy 4 – 7 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Genotype distribution of Candida albicans strains associated with different conditions of vulvovaginal candidiasis, as revealed by microsatellite typing

Fan

Bai

Liao

et al. 2008

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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“…In 2006, Schwiertz et al reported a rate of misjudgment of VVC by physicians of 77% on the basis of clinical evidence alone (32). Microbiologic testing for episodic VVC is recommended for patients with mild to moderate symptoms and no history of persistent or recurrent infection (41), and women are generally considered to have VVC when vaginal specimens are positive for yeasts by both microscopy and culture. The signs and symptoms of VVC have been reported to be more severe in women with yeast counts of Ͼ10 3 CFU/ml, whereas lower counts of Ͻ10 2 CFU/ml are taken to indicate colonization (16), although this relationship has been questioned by some authors (3,9,26,27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Diagnosis of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis by Use of a New Rapid Immunochromatography Test

Marot-Leblond

Nail-Billaud

Pilon³

et al. 2009

J Clin Microbiol

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The clinical symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) are nonspecific, and misdiagnosis is common, leading to a delay in the initiation of antifungal treatment. We evaluated a new immunochromatography test (ICT), the CandiVagi assay (SR2B, Avrille, France), for the rapid diagnosis of VVC. This test, which employs an immunoglobulin M antibody directed against the ␤-1,2-mannopyranosyl epitopes found in the yeast cell wall, was compared with direct microscopic examination and culture of vaginal swabs. Two-hundred five women were investigated, including 130 women with symptomatic vaginitis and 75 asymptomatic controls. Two vaginal swabs were obtained from each woman: one was used to prepare a wet mount and Gram-stained preparations for direct microscopic examination and was also cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar for the isolation of Candida spp., and the second swab was used for ICT. The sensitivities of microscopic examination, culture, and ICT for the diagnosis of VVC were 61%, 100%, and 96.6%, respectively, while the specificities of the three methods were 100%, 82%, and 98.6%, respectively. ICT had a negative predictive value of 98.6%, a positive predictive value of 96.6%, and an efficiency of 98%. ICT provided a rapid result and a better compromise between sensitivity and specificity than conventional microscopy and culture for the diagnosis of VVC. This easy-to-perform diagnostic test will be useful to practitioners treating women with symptoms of vaginitis.Vaginitis is the commonest reason for gynecological consultation in women of childbearing age. Anaerobic bacteria are the most prevalent cause of vaginal infection in the United States and Europe, followed closely by Candida spp. (34, 37). It is estimated that at least 75% of healthy adult women will suffer one episode of Candida vulvovaginitis during their reproductive lives and that 5% will have recurrent infectious episodes (20,30). Candida albicans is responsible for infection in 80 to 90% of cases, although the incidence of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) due to non-C. albicans species such as C. glabrata has increased steadily over the past few decades (21, 36).The main symptoms of VVC have been widely described and include vulvar and vaginal pruritus, pain or a burning sensation, and external dysuria (8). Physical examination may reveal perineal edema, vulvar and vaginal erythema, fissures, and a thick curdy discharge (8). However, these symptoms are nonspecific and do not enable clinicians to distinguish confidently between VVC, bacterial vaginosis, and Trichomonas vaginalis infection (2,22,23,31), leading to subsequent suboptimal care. The accurate diagnosis of VVC currently depends on the demonstration of a Candida sp. in vaginal swabs by direct microscopic examination and/or culture. A positive Gram stain, the absence of a watery discharge, and patient self-diagnosis of "another yeast infection" have been identified as the best predictors of a positive culture for patients with VVC (1).Several rapid diagnostic tests have been developed over th...

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Vulvovaginal candidiasis

Cited by 21 publications

References 27 publications

Epidemiologic Features of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Reproductive-Age Women in India

Epidemiologic Features of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Reproductive-Age Women in India

Genotype distribution of Candida albicans strains associated with different conditions of vulvovaginal candidiasis, as revealed by microsatellite typing

Efficient Diagnosis of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis by Use of a New Rapid Immunochromatography Test

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