Vulnerability to malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS infection and disease. Part 1: determinants operating at individual and household level

Bates, Imelda; Fenton, Caroline; Gruber, Janet; Lalloo, David G.; Lara, Antonieta Medina; Squire, S. Bertel; Theobald, Sally; Thomson, Rachael; Tolhurst, Rachel

doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(04)01002-3

Cited by 219 publications

(216 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…There are, however, inconsistent results on sex differences in the prevalence of certain infectious diseases. For example, malaria vulnerability does not appear to be associated with sex except in pregnant women (Bates et al, 2004). A study in Thailand revealed that the prevalence of malaria in males and females is inconsistent and varies according to sources of data drawn from communities or health care centers (Vlassoff & Bonilla, 1994).…”

Section: Role Of Biological Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excess male chronic energy deficiency among adolescents: a cross-sectional study in the context of patrilineal and matrilineal societies in Northeast India

Khongsdier

Varte

Mukherjee³

2005

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: To determine the sex differences in chronic energy deficiency (CED) among adolescents in the context of patrilineal and matrilineal societies in Northeast India. Design: Cross-sectional, community-based study of the Hmar patrilineal society and the Khasi (War and Khynriam) matrilineal society. Setting: Mizoram and Meghalaya in Northeast India. Subjects: In total, 1733 adolescent boys and girls aged 9-16 y: Khynriam Khasis (n ¼ 1005), War Khasis (n ¼ 305) and Hmars (n ¼ 423). Measurements: Weight, height, and socio-economic characteristics. Body mass index (weight in kg/height in m 2 ) was used for assessing CED relative to the international reference values. Results: The overall prevalence of CED was significantly greater in boys than in girls. The sex differences in the prevalence of CED were 5, 10 and 6% points in the Khynriam Khasis, War Khasis and Hmars, respectively. Allowing for age and socio-economic variables, the risks of CED were about 1.82 (95% CI 1.14-2.90), 1.83 (95% CI 1.19-3.33) and 1.78 (95% CI 1.10-3.25) times greater in boys than in girls among the Khynriam Khasis, War Khasis and Hmars, respectively. Using logistic regression analysis, the prevalence of CED was negatively associated with family income across study populations. No significant association was found between CED and religion. Conclusion: Patrilineal and matrilineal forms of society were not reflected in the prevalence of CED among adolescents. Subject to further studies of the research problems concerning the nutritional status of adolescents, girls fare better than boys with respect to the prevalence of CED.

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Section: Role Of Biological Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excess male chronic energy deficiency among adolescents: a cross-sectional study in the context of patrilineal and matrilineal societies in Northeast India

Khongsdier

Varte

Mukherjee³

2005

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen that causes the disease, infects 8 million people each year and is one of the world's deadliest pathogens (9). The ongoing AIDS pandemic has developed a deadly synergy with tuberculosis, which is the leading cause of death among AIDS patients (2). Multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains have been emerging rapidly (9), and the need for identifying novel drug targets in this pathogen has become urgent.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

AccD6, a Member of the Fas II Locus, Is a Functional Carboxyltransferase Subunit of the Acyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Daniel

Lee

et al. 2007

J Bacteriol

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The Mycobacterium tuberculosis acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylases provide the building blocks for de novo fatty acid biosynthesis by fatty acid synthase I (FAS I) and for the elongation of FAS I end products by the FAS II complex to produce meromycolic acids. The M. tuberculosis genome contains three biotin carboxylase subunits (AccA1 to -3) and six carboxyltransferase subunits (AccD1 to -6), with accD6 located in a genetic locus that contains members of the FAS II complex. We found by quantitative real-time PCR analysis that the transcripts of accA3, accD4, accD5, and accD6 are expressed at high levels during the exponential growth phases of M. tuberculosis in vitro. Microarray analysis of M. tuberculosis transcripts indicated that the transcripts for accA3, accD4, accD5, accD6, and accE were repressed during later growth stages. AccD4 and AccD5 have been previously studied, but there are no reports on the function of AccD6. We expressed AccA3 (␣ 3 ) and AccD6 (␤ 6 ) in E. coli and purified them by affinity chromatography. We report here that reconstitution of the ␣ 3 -␤ 6 complex yielded an active acyl-CoA carboxylase. Kinetic characterization of this carboxylase showed that it preferentially carboxylated acetyl-CoA (1.1 nmol/mg/min) over propionyl-CoA (0.36 nmol/mg/min). The activity of the ␣ 3 -␤ 6 complex was inhibited by the subunit. The ␣ 3 -␤ 6 carboxylase was inhibited significantly by dimethyl itaconate, C75, haloxyfop, cerulenin, and 1,2-cyclohexanedione. Our results suggest that the ␤ 6 subunit could play an important role in mycolic acid biosynthesis by providing malonyl-CoA to the FAS II complex.Tuberculosis causes 2 million deaths each year, according to the World Health Organization. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen that causes the disease, infects 8 million people each year and is one of the world's deadliest pathogens (9). The ongoing AIDS pandemic has developed a deadly synergy with tuberculosis, which is the leading cause of death among AIDS patients (2). Multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains have been emerging rapidly (9), and the need for identifying novel drug targets in this pathogen has become urgent. The cell wall of M. tuberculosis is lipid enriched and acts as an impermeable barrier to many common broad-spectrum antibiotics (14).The first committed step of fatty-acid biosynthesis, which is the biotin-dependent carboxylation of acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) to produce malonyl-CoA and methylmalonyl-CoA, is catalyzed by the acyl-CoA carboxylase. The reaction consists of two catalytic steps, which involve the biotin carboxylase and the carboxyltransferase (8). In M. tuberculosis, the biotin carboxylation step is catalyzed by the ␣ subunit; there are three open reading frames (ORFs) that can encode the ␣ subunit (accA1 to -A3) in the genome. Carboxyl transfer is catalyzed by the ␤ subunit, and there are six ␤ subunits (accD1 to -D6) in the genome of the pathogen (6).Previously, the catalytic activities of the ␣ 3 , ␤ 4 , and ␤ 5 subunits were studied (10,11,22,24). However, the level...

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“…The burden of tuberculosis (TB) disease is greater in poor countries, but even within wealthy countries, deprived areas tend to have higher rates of TB incidence (1). As long as economic differences have prevailed between industrialized countries and the rest of the world, human migration has been an unavoidable phenomenon that has contributed substantially to change TB epidemiology in industrialized countries (2,23).…”

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confidence: 99%

Analysis of Changes in Recent Tuberculosis Transmission Patterns after a Sharp Increase in Immigration

et al. 2007

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We conducted a population-based molecular epidemiological study of tuberculosis (TB) in Madrid, Spain (2002 to 2004), to define transmission patterns and factors associated with clustering. We particularly focused on examining how the increase in TB cases among immigrants in recent years (2.8% in 1997 to 1999 to 36.2% during the current study) was modifying transmission patterns. Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates obtained from patients living in nine districts of Madrid (1,459,232 inhabitants) were genotyped. The TB case rate among foreign-born people was three to four times that of Spanish-born people, and the median time from arrival to the onset of treatment was 22.4 months. During the study period, 227 (36.3%) patients were grouped in 64 clusters, and 115 (50.7%) of them were in 21 clusters with mixed Spanish-born and foreign-born patients. Three of the 21 mixed clusters accounted for 21.1% of clustered patients. Twenty-two of 38 (57.9%) immigrants in mixed clusters were infected with TB strains that had already been identified in the native population in 1997 to 1999, including the three most prevalent strains. Factors identified as independent predictors of clustering were homelessness (odds ratio [OR], 2.3; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.2 to 4.5; P ‫؍‬ 0.011) and to be born in Spain (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.6; P ‫؍‬ 0.002). The results indicated that (i) TB transmission was higher in Spanish-born people, associated mainly with homelessness, (ii) that foreign-born people were much less likely to be clustered, suggesting a higher percentage of infection before arriving in Spain, and (iii) that an extensive transmission between Spanish-and foreign-born populations, caused mainly by autochthonous strains, was taking place in Madrid.

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Vulnerability to malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS infection and disease. Part 1: determinants operating at individual and household level

Cited by 219 publications

References 111 publications

Excess male chronic energy deficiency among adolescents: a cross-sectional study in the context of patrilineal and matrilineal societies in Northeast India

Excess male chronic energy deficiency among adolescents: a cross-sectional study in the context of patrilineal and matrilineal societies in Northeast India

AccD6, a Member of the Fas II Locus, Is a Functional Carboxyltransferase Subunit of the Acyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Analysis of Changes in Recent Tuberculosis Transmission Patterns after a Sharp Increase in Immigration

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