Vulnerability to distress: Cognitive and emotional reactivity in chronically self-focused individuals

Ingram, Rick E.; Johnson, Brenda R.; Bernet, Christine Z.; Dombeck, Mark; Rowe, Melissa

doi:10.1007/bf01183168

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…It has been suggested that depression is associated with a pre-occupation with loss of a central source of self-esteem [1]. Consistent with this perspective, states associated with self-focused attention such as private self-consciousness [2] have been associated with high levels of dysphoria [3,4]. More recently, thought sampling techniques have demonstrated that under laboratory conditions, dysphoria is associated with increased self-focused or off-task thinking [5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These findings suggest that we can distinguish between the phenomenological experience associated with rumination as distinct from dysphoria and this dissociation may be important in our ability to explain how self-focused attention contributes to enhanced psychological vulnerability. 355 Ó 2005, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.have been associated with high levels of dysphoria [3,4]. More recently, thought sampling techniques have demonstrated that under laboratory conditions, dysphoria is associated with increased self-focused or off-task thinking [5][6][7].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…have been associated with high levels of dysphoria [3,4]. More recently, thought sampling techniques have demonstrated that under laboratory conditions, dysphoria is associated with increased self-focused or off-task thinking [5][6][7].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rumination, Dysphoria, and Subjective Experience

Smallwood

O’Connor

Heim

2005

Imagination, Cognition and Personality

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An experiment is presented which investigated the relationship between rumination, dysphoria, and subjective experience during a short wordfragment completion task. Consistent with previous work off-task thinking, operationalized as task unrelated thought, was associated with dysphoria. By contrast, rumination was a significant predictor of task appraisal defined as task-related interference (TRI). While rumination did not directly contribute to the experience of task unrelated thinking (TUT), evidence was presented which suggests that when combined with a negative mood a ruminative style may amplify the association between this style of thinking and dysphoria. These findings suggest that we can distinguish between the phenomenological experience associated with rumination as distinct from dysphoria and this dissociation may be important in our ability to explain how self-focused attention contributes to enhanced psychological vulnerability. 355 Ó 2005, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.have been associated with high levels of dysphoria [3,4]. More recently, thought sampling techniques have demonstrated that under laboratory conditions, dysphoria is associated with increased self-focused or off-task thinking [5][6][7]. These findings support the assertion that self-focus may function as a vulnerability factor for subsequent psychological problems [4] although little is known about the situational determinants (internal or external) that amplify the relationship [8].Rumination can be considered the process by which one "isolates one self to think about feelings, writing and telling others how bad one feels, worrying about the causes and consequences of depression" [9]. Rumination has been consistently related to an exacerbation of the psychological consequences of a dysphoric mood, for example, greater deficits in problem solving [10], increased recall of negative memories [11], and a higher level of negative thoughts [12]. In the research literature, there is a consensus that "rumination affects cognition through exacerbating the effects of a negative mood" [10]. One's tendency to ruminate may represent an internal factor which moderates the relationship between off task thinking and dysphoria.Under laboratory conditions the subjective experience of off task-thinking can be considered to consist of two distinct components [13]. First, it is possible to become pre-occupied with task performance. A good example of this is interfering thoughts regarding how one is performing on the current task. This aspect of cognition has been described as task related interference [TRI,[14][15][16][17]. Second, from time to time, one's attention can become directed to information which is neither in the current environment nor relevant to the current task. These cognitions can be conceptualized as task unrelated thinking [TUT,18,19] reflecting the fact that they are not derived from the context of the current task within which they are recorded. The distinction between TUT and TRI has proved important in studies of ongoing consciousnes...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rumination, Dysphoria, and Subjective Experience

Smallwood

O’Connor

Heim

2005

Imagination, Cognition and Personality

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“…All the studies found that depressed persons, who habitually tend to direct attention inward and to engage in state rumination, reported less state thoughts after being asked to There is also evidence that the propensity to self-focus affects cognitive reactions to failure (Ingram, Johnson, Bernet, & Dombeck, 1992, Study 1). Although persons who were not self-focused showed few cognitive changes after failure, chronically self-focused persons reacted to failure with an increase in failureoriented thoughts, as assessed by the Automatic Thought Questionnaire.…”

Section: Self-focus and Mental Ruminationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Human Learned Helplessness

Mikulincer

1994

123

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A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. Human learned helplessness : a coping perspective / Mario Mikul incer. p. cm. -(The Plenum series 1n social/clinical psychology) 1. Helplessness (Psychology) I. Title. II. Series. BF575.H4M55 1994 155.2 ' 32-d c20 94-34949 CIP ISBN 978-1-4899-0938-1 ISBN 978-1-4899-0936-7 (eBook)

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“…Some studies have confirmed these hypotheses. In addition to attributional style (Metalsky & Joiner, 1992;Metalsky, Joiner, Hardin, & Abramson, 1993), high selfconsciousness and self-preoccupation were shown to be vulnerability factors to depression (Ingram, Johnson, Bernet, Dombeck, & Rowe, 1992;Sakamoto, 1999).…”

Section: Hypotheses From the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Focus and Depression: The Three-Phase Model

Sakamoto

2000

Behav. Cogn. Psychother.

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Some studies suggest that self-focus contributes to the onset of depression. A new cogitive model of depression, the three-phase model of self-focus and depression, is presented here to explain the mechanism of the onset and maintenance of depression. In this model, the relationship between self-focus and the course of depression is divided into three phases: (1) initiation, (2) operation, and (3) maintenance. Previous studies examining the relationship between self-focus and depression are reviewed, within the framework of the model: (1) studies investigating situations that will initiate self-focus; (2) studies examining the effects of self-focus on behaviour, cognition, and affect; and (3) studies examining the duration of self-focusing. The model is then presented and propositions derived from it are outlined. Finally, suggestions are made for preventing depression, for recovery from it and for the scope of application of the model.

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Vulnerability to distress: Cognitive and emotional reactivity in chronically self-focused individuals

Cited by 22 publications

References 34 publications

Rumination, Dysphoria, and Subjective Experience

Rumination, Dysphoria, and Subjective Experience

Human Learned Helplessness

Self-Focus and Depression: The Three-Phase Model

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