Vulnerability to assaultive violence: 
further specification of the sex difference in 
post-traumatic stress disorder

Breslau, Naomi; Chilcoat, Howard D.; Kessler, Ronald C.; Peterson, Edward L.; Lucia, Victoria C.

doi:10.1017/s0033291799008612

Cited by 387 publications

(309 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Previous research has consistently observed that women are approximately twice as likely as men to receive PTSD diagnoses even when the type of traumatic event is taken into account (Breslau, Chilcoat, Kessler, Peterson, & Lucia, 1999). What the present research suggests is that gender does not qualitatively change posttraumatic stress symptomatology.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 42%

Taxometric Investigation of PTSD: Data From Two Nationally Representative Samples

et al. 2006

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Current psychiatric nosology depicts posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a discrete diagnostic category. However, only one study has examined the latent structure of PTSD, and this study suggested that PTSD may be more accurately conceptualized as an extreme reaction to traumatic life events rather than a discrete clinical syndrome. To build on the existing literature base, the present research examined the latent structure of posttraumatic stress reactions by applying three taxometric procedures (MAXEIG, MAMBAC, and L-Mode) to data collected from large nationally representative samples of women (ns = 2684 and 3033) and adolescents (n = 3775). Results consistently provided evidence for a dimensional PTSD solution across samples and statistical procedures. These findings have important implications for the theory, assessment, and investigation of posttraumatic stress reactions.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 42%

Taxometric Investigation of PTSD: Data From Two Nationally Representative Samples

et al. 2006

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“…Norris, 1992;Breslau et al 1997Breslau et al , 1999, even after controlling for type of trauma or 'most upsetting' trauma (e.g. Norris, 1992;Kessler et al 1995;Breslau et al 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender, victimization, and psychiatric outcomes

2008

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Background-Although gender differences in rates of internalizing disorders, particularly depression, are well documented, the causes of these differences are not well understood. One influential hypothesis [Cutler & Nolen-Hoeksema, Sex Roles (1991), 24, [425][426][427][428][429][430][431][432][433][434][435][436][437][438] proposes that higher rates of depression in females compared to males may be partially attributable to gender differences in the effects of childhood sexual abuse. The present study has evaluated this possibility by reviewing evidence for gender moderating the effects of childhood victimization on psychiatric outcomes.

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“…Specifically, epidemiologic studies consistently demonstrate higher rates of full and partial PTSD in females than in males (Breslau et al 1991 Breslau et al 1997Davidson et al, 1991;Helzer et al, 1987;Kessler et al, 1995Kessler et al, 1999Norris, 1992;Stein et al, 1997) despite the fact that males are characterized by higher rates of trauma exposure. Thus, we included participants' gender in the analyses both as a unique predictor of PTSD as well as a control variable.…”

Section: Nih Public Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; PTSD; Cognitions; Anxiety; Trauma Exposure to traumatic events is quite common, with estimated lifetime rates ranging from 26% to 92.2% in men and from 17.7% to 87.1% in women (Breslau, Davis, Andreski, & Peterson, 1991;Breslau et al, 1999;Creamer, Burgess, & McFarlane, 2001;Kessler et al, 1995;Norris, 1992;Perkonigg, Kessler, Storz, & Wittchen, 2000;Resnick, Kilpatrick, Dansky, Saunders, & Best, 1993;Stein et al, 1997). Although many people experience trauma, only a subset of these individuals subsequently develops posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in trauma-exposed college students: The role of trauma-related cognitions, gender, and negative affect

Moser

Hajcak

Simons

et al. 2007

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

111

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Considerable evidence indicates a prominent role for trauma-related cognitions in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The present study utilized regression analysis to examine the unique relationships between various trauma-related cognitions and PTSD symptoms after controlling for gender and measures of general affective distress in a large sample of trauma-exposed college students. In terms of trauma-related cognitions, only negative cognitions about the self were related to PTSD symptom severity. Gender and anxiety symptoms were also related to PTSD symptom severity. Theoretical implications of the results are discussed. KeywordsPosttraumatic Stress Disorder; PTSD; Cognitions; Anxiety; Trauma Exposure to traumatic events is quite common, with estimated lifetime rates ranging from 26% to 92.2% in men and from 17.7% to 87.1% in women (Breslau, Davis, Andreski, & Peterson, 1991;Breslau et al., 1999;Creamer, Burgess, & McFarlane, 2001;Kessler et al., 1995;Norris, 1992;Perkonigg, Kessler, Storz, & Wittchen, 2000;Resnick, Kilpatrick, Dansky, Saunders, & Best, 1993;Stein et al., 1997). Although many people experience trauma, only a subset of these individuals subsequently develops posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Lifetime prevalence rates for PTSD range from 1% to 12.3% (Breslau, Davis, Andreski, & Peterson, 1991;Davidson, Hughes, Blazer, & George, 1991;Kessler et al., 1995;Resnick et al., 1993) and current rates of PTSD range from .4% to .9% (Andrews et al., 2001;Perkonigg et al., 2000). PTSD tends to have a chronic course, with as many as 40% continuing to exhibit significant symptoms of the disorder 10 years after its onset (Kessler et al., 1995).Several theories underscore the role that cognitive variables play in the development and maintenance of PTSD (Ehlers & Clark, 2000; Epstien, 1991;Foa & Cahill, 2001;Foa & Jaycox, 1999;Foa & Riggs, 1993;Foa & Rothbaum, 1998;Horowitz, 1986;Janoff-Bulman, 1992;McCann & Pearlman, 1990;Resick & Schnicke, 1992). Utilizing the framework of emotional processing theory (Foa & Kozak, 1986), Foa and colleagues have emphasized the role of cognitions about the self and the world in natural recovery from trauma, the development of Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jason S. Moser, Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE. Email: jmoser@psych.udel.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. PTSD, and the CBT processes that ameliorate PTSD symptoms severity. The theory is rooted in information processing models of memory and psychop...

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Vulnerability to assaultive violence: further specification of the sex difference in post-traumatic stress disorder

Abstract: Future research should focus on sex differences in the response to assaultive violence, including potential explanations for females' greater probability to experience avoidance and numbing.

Cited by 387 publications

References 13 publications

Taxometric Investigation of PTSD: Data From Two Nationally Representative Samples

Taxometric Investigation of PTSD: Data From Two Nationally Representative Samples

Gender, victimization, and psychiatric outcomes

Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in trauma-exposed college students: The role of trauma-related cognitions, gender, and negative affect

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